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• W2027933543 abstract "REVIEWS 181 old age in Renaissance Venice. Class and gender were important mitigating factors in understanding the position of the elderly; older noblemen held a disproportionate number of government offices in Venice, while women and the working class were understood as the miserable poor. The volume provides a good methodological framework to explore marginal groups and excellent case studies of minorities in premodern Italy. SARAH WHITTEN, History, UCLA Sandy Bardsley, Venomous Tongues: Speech and Gender in Late Medieval England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2006) 214 pp. Sandy Bardsley’s recent book, Venomous Tongues: Speech and Gender in Late Medieval England, is a valuable addition to the already popular and successful The Middle Ages Series by University of Pennsylvania Press. In this volume, Bardsley uses an interdisciplinary approach to examine several facets of transgressive language in late medieval England, focusing especially on how trends in the prosecution of transgressive language, in both literal and literary contexts, speak to gender development. Her examination also includes an indepth secondary focus on the legal category of “scold,” who was charged, who was convicted, and in what circumstances those charges were brought to court. In the introduction, Bardsley begins by situating transgressive speech in the historical context of late medieval England. She also explains where the main sources of evidence are available for research of this type: legal records, works of art, and literature. Bardsley’s analysis of legal records surveyed more than six hundred cases of local, royal, and ecclesiastical trials. This impressive body of evidence serves as the main font of statistical data for the conclusions that she draws regarding the changing perception of women’s speech. Her literary analyses are based on a survey of both the greats of medieval English writing— Chaucer, Langland, Gower—and the lesser known works of many anonymous writers in stories, poems, plays, and advice literature. Her focus on artistic work is limited to those images available as paintings and as carvings in medieval churches. Chapter 1 introduces the wide variety of “sins of the tongue” in late medieval England and their relationship to the social politics following the Black Plague. Such sins could include “blasphemy, hypocrisy, boasting, rumor, lying, flattery, mocking of good people, and sowing of discord” (27). The growing power of the lower classes following the dramatic changes in demographics after the Black Plague led the aristocracy and others in positions of power to prosecute types of speech that might lead to rebellion. Bardsley discusses the growth of the legal category of barratry, the crime of bringing an unfounded suit to court, the increase in prosecution of defamation and treason, and the decrease in the validated use of the hue and cry, the mechanism by which any person who saw a crime being committed obligated others to come to the scene of the crime by calling out for help. In chapter 2, Bardsley examines the explicit connection between women and illicit speech in literature and art. She shows how in Middle English advice poems, women’s speech was regulated more frequently and in more ways than men’s speech. In particular, women were constructed as speakers, whereas men were constructed as listeners. Bardsley also highlights how depictions of REVIEWS 182 women with the demon of speech, Tutivillus, in church settings always focus on women in the act of transgression rather than after the fact. These stories serve as an introduction to her survey on the Wife of Bath, virgin martyrs, and Noah’s wife (in mystery plays). All of these commonly encountered stereotypes of transgressive speech in women contributed to the stereotypes that persist even today. Chapter 3 concentrates on the place of women in the law system as it concerns the hue and cry, defamation, and scolding. Statistically, women were more often the ones who raised the hue and cry, and usually, their action was initiated in defense of someone in their family. The crime of defamation transitioned from an essentially gender neutral crime pre-plague to a feminized crime post-plague. Scolding developed as an independent legal category in the fourteenth century and continued to build momentum over the next few centuries. In general, scolding was more feminized in the secular..." @default.
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• W2027933543 date "2007-01-01" @default.
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• W2027933543 title "Venomous Tongues: Speech and Gender in Late Medieval England by Sandy Bardsley" @default.
• W2027933543 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/cjm.2007.0018" @default.
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