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- W2029802103 abstract "Sulfur transformation chemistry was studied in the plume of the Utah smelter of Kennecott Copper Corporation from April to October 1977. Samples were taken at up to four locations from 4 to 60 km from the stacks. Data collected at each station included: SO2 concentration, low-volume collected total paniculate matter, high-volume collected size fractionated paniculate matter, wind velocity and direction, temperature, and relative humidity. Paniculate samples were analyzed for S(IV). sulfate, strong acid, anions, cations, and elemental concentrations using calorimetric, ion Chromatographie, FIXE, ESCA, ion microprobe, and SEM-ion microprobe techniques. The concentration of As in the paniculate matter was used as a conservative plume tracer. The ratios Mo/As, Pb/As, and Zn/As were constant in particulate matter collected at all sampling sites for any particle size. Strong mineral acid was neutralized by background metal oxide and/or carbonate particulates within 40km of the smelter. This neutralization process is limited only by the rate of incorporation of basic material into the plume. Two distinct metal-S(IV) species similar to those observed in laboratory aerosol experiments were found in the plume. The formation of paniculate S(IV) species occurs by interaction of SO2 (g) with both ambient and plume derived aerosol and is equilibrium controlled. The extent of formation of S(IV) complexes in the aerosol is directly proportional to the SO2(g) and paniculate (Cu + Fe) concentration and inversely proportional to the paniculate acidity. S(IV) species were stable in collected paniculate matter only in the neutralized material, but with proper sampling techniques could be demonstrated to also be present in very acidic particles at high ambient SO2(g) concentrations. Reduction of arsenate to arsenite by the aerosol S(IV) complexes during plume transport is suggested. The SO2(g)-sulfate conversion process in the plume is described by a mechanism which is first order in SO2(g). Equations are derived describing sulfur chemistry when both S(IV) and sulfate formation occur in a plume. The formation of sulfate results primarily in the formation of < 0.5 μm particulates. The formation process is not correlated with plume expansion, paniculate acidity, metal content, or S(IV) species. Due to meteorological restrictions on sampling, data were collected only during periods of maximum insolation. The formation of sulfate from SO2(g) in the plume during periods of high insolation is temperature dependent with an apparent activation energy of 16.6 ± 1.4 kcal mol−1 and a k1, value of 0.039h−1 at 25°C." @default.
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- W2029802103 date "1982-01-01" @default.
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- W2029802103 title "Sulfur chemistry in a copper smelter plume" @default.
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- W2029802103 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(82)90186-x" @default.
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