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• W2030831831 abstract "Dyspnea was induced in eleven healthy volunteer subjects by exposure to one or more of the following three respiratory stimuli: (1) 7 per cent carbon dioxide inhalation; (2) exercise; and (3) intravenously administered ethamivan. It was found that stimuli which were ineffective in producing dyspnea individually might become effective in combination. When dyspnea developed as a result of a combination of respiratory stimuli, withdrawal of a sufficiently potent stimulus, while the remaining stimuli were continued, resulted in disappearance of the symptom. These findings suggested a relationship of dyspnea to the net load of respiratory stimuli. In several subjects the onset of dyspnea was accompanied by characteristic changes in the position of the chest at the end of inspiration and in tidal volume consistent with the participation of the proprioceptive mechanism in the production of dyspnea. These changes usually occurred in association with dyspnea developing as a result of the sudden application of a strong respiratory stimulus. An increase in the rate of rise of alveolar ventilation during carbon dioxide inhalation over that observed when carbon dioxide alone was given occurred when carbon dioxide was added to the inspired air of exercising subjects or a subject receiving ethamivan. This increase was even more pronounced when carbon dioxide was inhaled by an exercising subject receiving ethamivan. It is suggested that an increase in the sensitivity of the respiratory center to carbon dioxide inhalation, brought about by ethamivan therapy or by exercise, may account in part for this finding. Certain observations indicated that in addition to the magnitude of a respiratory stimulus, the manner in which it is applied may influence the development of dyspnea. A rapidly increasing stimulus was more effective in producing dyspnea than one which achieved its maximum intensity gradually. Careful questioning of the subjects at the end of the experiment showed that different subjects used varying phraseology to describe dyspnea developing under the same circumstances and that a given subject tended to describe dyspnea developing under widely different circumstances with the same words. These findings suggested that the view that dyspnea developing under different circumstances represents a fundamentally different sensation is erroneous." @default.
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• W2030831831 date "1964-09-01" @default.
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• W2030831831 title "Observations on dyspnea induced by combinations of respiratory stimuli" @default.
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• W2030831831 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(64)90193-7" @default.
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