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• W2031532466 abstract "The most fundamental attributes of marine ecosystems are their Communities associated species composition, along with their specific abundances and biomass. Processoriented understanding of rates and interactions within ecosystems hinges on this first-order descriptive framework. While we know the major species and understand their roles in many parts of the world ocean, the fragmented nature of discrete studies has not fostered synthetic approaches. The societal need for such basic information has increased in recent decades as major facets of the human footprint are altering marine communities around the globe (i.e. climate change, species invasions, fisheries effects, oil and gas exploration, tourism). To understand such change, biodiversity studies spanning species inventories to functional linkages between diversity and ecosystems are necessary. Within this context, as well as driven by simple human curiosity, the International Census of Marine Life (CoML) was launched in 2000 (Yarincik and O’Dor 2005). CoML grew to a global network of researchers in more than 80 nations engaged in a 10-year scientific initiative to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of life in the oceans. CoML addressed the fundamental questions “What lived in the oceans in the past, what lives in the oceans now, and what will live in the oceans in the future” (McIntyre 2010). The Arctic component of CoML, the Arctic Ocean Diversity project (ArcOD), was launched in 2004 (Gradinger et al. 2010), with a sister project launched in the Antarctic shortly thereafter (Schiaparelli and Hopcroft 2011). Globally, gaps in biodiversity knowledge are greatest in areas where the logistics limit access. In this regard, the Arctic is understudied due the challenges of sampling in remote icecovered waters. There is increased urgency to fill these gaps because climate change effects are strongly expressed in the Arctic, as apparent from the rapid loss of its sea ice over the past decades. The ArcOD umbrella sought to inventory biodiversity in the Arctic sea ice, water column and sea floor (Fig. 1)—from the shallow shelves to the deep basins—using a three-level approach: compilation of existing data, taxonomic identification of existing samples, and new collections focusing on taxonomic and regional gaps. While ArcOD was initiated mainly by US-based and Russian scientists, over 100 scientists in a dozen nations have contributed to ArcODrelated efforts, including many conducted during the International Polar Year 2007–9. In October 2010, the Census reported ‘A decade of discovery’ across regions and realms at the Royal Society in London. This present special issue presents a core contribution of ArcOD’s synthesis and contains pieces originally presented in their preliminary form at the Arctic Frontiers meeting in January 2010 in Tromso, Norway in the ‘Marine Biodiversity under Change’ session. The articles in this and the subsequent issue (Hop et al. 2011) have a strong focus on biodiversity, on a species, community and/or habitat level. Articles in this issue are pan-Arctic in spatial coverage with international author teams from ten countries and more than 25 institutions contributing the required expertise and majority of the data. The contributions in this issue are arranged in taxonomic order and span from microbes to marine mammals. Most contain new synthetic numerical analyses, as well as reviews of current knowledge, contemporary perspectives, and several presently expected This article belongs to the special issue “Arctic Ocean Diversity Synthesis”" @default.
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• W2031532466 date "2011-01-29" @default.
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• W2031532466 title "Editorial - Arctic Ocean Diversity: synthesis" @default.
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• W2031532466 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-010-0080-x" @default.
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