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• W203237060 abstract "Roughly estimated, as political entity has not been its own master for three-quarters of its existence since 9th century. It became independent state at end of 1991 by breaking from former Soviet Union and thus ceasing to be one of its republics. Since that time, it has been struggling to hold its newly acquired sovereignty and power over This paper examines conditions under which Ukraine's struggle for preservation of its independence and territorial integrity has been taking place. Key Words: Ukraine; Russia; Crimea; Black Sea Fleet and Sebastopol; Languages and Religions in Ukraine; Ukraine, NATO and European Union. In Ukrainian, word Ukraine is spelled YicpaiHa. The name originates from kraina, our principality, our land, and the country.1 In Russian, word Ukraine is written as YicpaHHa. The source of term is okraina, an outlying district, or a region at edge of country. Since country, in this context, is Russia, for Russians, Ukraine's other name isLittle Russia.2 But their interconnection has been more complicated than inverse relationship their names suggests. If one digs deep into history, one will find that both countries have common ancestor, Kievan Rus, whose geographical location was ancient Ukraine. Thus, from historical point of view, it can be argued that it is which is primary with respect to Russia, and Russia which is derivative of Ukraine.3 This attention to Ukrainian-Russian linguistic and historical arguments is important for two reasons. First, because it is within framework of such controversies that postSoviet has been striving to throw off title of Little Russia by separating itself from Great Russia. Second (and consequence of first), because of Russian shadow looming over country nowadays current political leaders of have been attempting to safeguard its newly won independence by making efforts to move into such organizations as NATO and European Union. The need for such move has become even more urgent after Caucasian War between Russia and Georgia fought in August 2008 and in light of threat, as will be discussed in this paper, that outcome of that war poses to territorial integrity of Ukraine. But before we examine making of post-Soviet Ukraine, it would be interesting to see to what extent Ukraine's striving for independence is supported by its historical experience. By enabling us to understand evolution of within independence-dependence paradigm, this will provide us with certain perspective for possible outcome of contemporary country's efforts in future. Table 1 provides picture of Ukraine's independence-dependence position for almost twelve centuries of country's existence: As it can be seen, modem appeared in middle of seventeenth century. Since that time, its territory and people have been constantly divided between its more powerful neighbors, such as Russia, Austro-Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Romania. After WWII, as republic of USSR, was able to reclaim its western part. When country became sovereign in 1991, it retained its pre-independence territory and people. As table also reveals, during its long and tumultuous history, enjoyed independent status only for first three centuries and for last 17 years of its existence. This implies that, roughly estimating as political entity has not been its own master for ¾ of time of its existence, because Ukrainian people have not actually lived in sovereign state since 13th century. This is, of course, very disturbing sign for country determined to maintain its recently acquired independence after losing it eight hundred years ago. And, given presence of Russia as its close neighbor, it raises troubling question of whether post-Soviet can succeed in its drive for even partial sovereignty by becoming member of NATO and European Union. …" @default.
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• W203237060 title "The Making of Post-Soviet Ukraine" @default.
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