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• W2032977648 abstract "Bladder cancer is the second most common urologic cancer. More than 54,000 new cases are diagnosed in the United States annually (over 38,000 males and 15,000 females), and nearly 12,100 deaths (8000 males and 4000 females) are attributed to this disease. The most important risk factor is cigarette smoking, which has been suggested to increase the risk for the development of bladder cancer at least threefold. Industrial or work exposure to specific chemicals such as aromatic amines may also create substantial risk for a significant proportion of the population in the United States and worldwide.33 Approximately 80% of all bladder cancers occur as tumors confined to the epithelium or submucosa. These superficial lesions appear as either papillary tumors composed of malignant transitional cells limited to the mucosa (stage Ta) or invading the lamina propria (stage T1) or as flat carcinoma in situ (Tis) with diffuse malignant cells confined to the epithelium. Transurethral endoscopic resection of bladder tumors is the standard initial treatment for superficial bladder tumors. Despite complete resection, new bladder tumors develop within 5 years in more than 50% of patients who undergo transurethral endoscopic resection. In the majority of cases, the recurrence is also superficial; however, in 5% to 30% of patients, a tumor recurs with invasion into the muscle layer of the bladder (i.e., progression). Once the tumor has penetrated the muscle, there is a substantial risk for metastasis and death. After invasion has occurred, the 5-year survival rate is less than 60% despite radical therapy. This grim prognosis for muscle invasive disease has led to a strategy of vigilant follow-up, which involves the frequent use of cystoscopy and repeat transurethral endoscopic resection of recurrent superficial tumors.7, 13" @default.
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• W2032977648 date "2000-02-01" @default.
• W2032977648 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W2032977648 title "TELOMERASE IN HUMAN BLADDER CANCER" @default.
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• W2032977648 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0094-0143(05)70239-1" @default.
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