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- W2033148841 abstract "Cattle grazing in the presence of low-level infestations of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) may offset reductions of grazing time by increasing their rate of herbage intake, and this may contribute to the determination of economic threshold populations. On four consecutive days, we released four pulses of 50 or 100 laboratory-reared stable flies at 15 min intervals over 1 h in screened enclosures, according to a balanced change-over design. Within these enclosures, fasted, adult Angus cows (Bos taurus L.) (body weight (BW) 465 ± 30 kg) grazed vegetative tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. ‘Johnstone’) at herbage dry matter (DM) allowances of 1.4 kg (100 kg BW)−1 h−1. Alighted fly numbers on body surfaces of cows were similar during each quarter of grazing meals, and numbers of alighted flies increased linearly as more were released. Cows exposed to colonies of 100 stable flies had 16 alighted on fore legs, 5 on hind legs and 5 on trunks. Stable flies weighed 6.1 mg before and 17.7 mg after feeding. Fly-induced behavior of grazing cows did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) within grazing meals, and releases of up to 100 stable flies caused linear increases in movements of heads (to 3.3 min−1), ears (to 3.7 min−1), skin twitches (to 14 min−1 side−1) and tail swishes (to 36 min−1), but had little effect on movements of fore and hind legs (< 1 min−1). Stable fly releases caused linear increases in herbage DM intake (0.43–0.53 kg (100 kg BW)−1 h−1) and bite DM mass (from 1.2 g to 1.5 g). Cows prehended 35, 38 and 31 bites min−1 when 0, 50 and 100 flies were released. The low levels of stable fly infestation used in this experiment had little direct negative interference on the mechanics of herbage ingestion, as indexed by fly-induced head and leg movements. Favorable conditions may increase the rate of stable fly feeding, shorten their feeding time and minimize interference with their grazing hosts. Faster rates of herbage intake of grazing cows in the presence of stable flies were attributed to annoyance." @default.
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- W2033148841 date "1995-03-01" @default.
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- W2033148841 title "Behavior of grazing cattle exposed to small populations of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.)" @default.
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- W2033148841 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)00546-q" @default.
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