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- W2034198550 abstract "This paper examines findings on the neuroregulatory effects of nicotine in an effort to formulate a unified hypothesis that can explain the remarkable persistence of smoking behavior. Because nicotine alters the bioavailability of several behaviorally active neuroregulators, including acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, beta-endorphin, and vasopressin, we propose that nicotine is “used” by smokers to produce temporary improvements in performance or affect. Under this formulation, a potentially large number of exteroceptive and interoceptive cues unrelated to the nicotine-dependence cycle may serve as discriminative stimuli for smoking, over and above smoking to terminate or avoid withdrawal. The rapid action of nicotine, and its diverse neuroregulatory effects, render it particularly effective as a “coping response” to the demands of daily living. Of special interest in this regard is a biphasic pattern of arousal/alertness during smoking followed by calming/tension-reduction after smoking, which may result from cholinergic/catecholaminergic activation followed by cholinergic blockade or betaendorphin release. Apparently smokers can adjust nicotine intake to enhance these effects selectively, which may add considerably to the appeal of smoking." @default.
- W2034198550 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W2034198550 creator A5014467101 @default.
- W2034198550 creator A5040580430 @default.
- W2034198550 date "1984-12-01" @default.
- W2034198550 modified "2023-10-12" @default.
- W2034198550 title "Neuroregulators and the reinforcement of smoking: Towards a biobehavioral explanation" @default.
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