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• W2034407913 abstract "New attempts have been made to synthesize superheavy elements (SHE) by nuclear reactions that may possibly form the products at low excitation energies. Survival of the superheavy elements would then be enhanced because of reduced losses from prompt fission. Classical and diffusion model calculations of deepinelastic reactions indicate there should be detectable yields of SHE formed with less than 30 MeV of excitation energy. Accrdingly, uperheavy elements have been sought in ch reactions where targets of 8Cm and 28U have been irradiated with 136Xe and '8U ions. In the most recent experiments, targets of 248Cm metal (3.5-7 mg-cm-2) were bombarded with l.8-GeV 238U ions from the UNILAC accelerator. The longer-lived SHEs and actinides near the target Z were chemically separated and the yields of a number of isotopes of Bk, Cf, Es, and Fm were measured. An upper limit of 30 nb was obtained for the formation of 1-h 259No. In addition, to the off-line chemical recovery and search for SHE's, we performed an on-line experiment to detect volatile SHE's with half lives of a minute or more. All experiments to produce and detect superheavy elements were much less than optimum because of premature failures in the Cm-metal targets. The outcome and status of these experiments, and the implications of the actinide Xields in estimating the chances for forming superheavy elements in the 248Cm + 28U reactions are discussed. The transfer of many nucleons together with little excitation energy in damped collisions seems an extremely attractive method of synthesizing superheavy elements and neutron-rich actinides (Ref. 1 & 2). For the products to survive prompt fission, the net diffusion of energy to the heavy fragment during the collision must be lower than 20 to 30 MeV. Thus, damped collisions accompanied by large mass transfer appears to be the only feasible way to accomplish this, since no compound-nucleus reaction to form elements around Z = 114 leads to anything less than 30-40 MeV of excitation energy. On the basis of ailability and he favorable cross sections predicted (Ref. 3), we selected the reaction of 2ioU ions with 24oCm target nuclei as the optimum combination that we could currently employ to produce superheavy elements (SHE). Accordingly, in two months of periodic U bombardments at GSI, we have used this reaction for the first time to search for SHE's. In addition, we have bombarded a target of 248Cm with 136Xe in collaboration with our colleagues at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) (Ref. 4). One of the major purposes of these bombardments was to determine the extent of nucleon-transfer to the target as the projectiles Z and A increased. We could then compare these results with our previous actinide yields measured for rnsfer reactions in collisions of 48Ca with 248Cm (Ref. 5) and with the yields from the '3°U + 24°Cm reaction. Of primary concern was the survival probability of the highly fissionable transcurium isotopes as a function of mass, angular momentum, and energy transfer by the projectile. Because of energy transfer and resultant nuclear excitation, nearly all collisions cause either prompt or sequential fission. Most of the heavy products that survive are formed in the low-energy tails of the energy-loss distribution (Ref. 6 & 7). However, due to the mass and energy balance required in nuclear reactions, it is possible for processes accompanied by large mass and energy transfer to lead to products in relatively low excjation states if Qgci is sufficiently negative (Ref. 8). Among the projectiles studied, ' Ca has the lowest Qgg which, therefore, reduces the energy available for dissipation and excitation. Thus, by studying the production of highly-fissionable, nearby actinides by transfer reaction, we had hoped to shed some light on forming superheavy elements by the same reaction" @default.
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• W2034407913 date "1981-01-01" @default.
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• W2034407913 title "Recent searches for superheavy elements in deep-inelastic reactions" @default.
• W2034407913 doi "https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198153050965" @default.
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