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- W2034410878 abstract "Most research shows that fatherhood is related to reduced testosterone (T) levels, but relationships between the number of children and T levels are not addressed. In humans, paternal care usually involves obtaining adequate resources to support children, which may require engaging in male–male competition and maintaining high T levels. We hypothesize that T levels in fathers should increase with increasing family size. In 78 Polish men, aged 30 to 77 years, the number of children was significantly correlated with paternal T levels, but the direction of this relationship was dependent on the fathers' education. In agreement with our hypothesis, in men with below-college education, T levels increased with increasing number of children. In contrast, in men with college education, the number of children was negatively related to paternal T levels. Drop in T levels throughout the day tended to be less pronounced the more children fathers had, irrespective of their educational level. Our results suggest that a hypothesis of simple trade-offs between mating and parenting effort may be too simplistic to explain changes in testosterone response to parenting in human males. In order to understand functional response of changes in T levels, it is crucial to account for family size and socioeconomic factors. However, due to the cross-sectional study design, we cannot exclude the possibility that T levels influenced reproductive behavior (rather than vice versa) and thus the number of children produced by men." @default.
- W2034410878 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2034410878 date "2012-11-01" @default.
- W2034410878 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
- W2034410878 title "Testosterone levels correlate with the number of children in human males, but the direction of the relationship depends on paternal education" @default.
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- W2034410878 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.05.001" @default.
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