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• W2034732251 abstract "ISEE-203 Introduction: Incineration is the dominant method of treating medical waste in South Africa. Small, poorly designed and operated medical waste incinerators (MWIs) are usually located in light industrial areas, close to informal settlements and poor communities that suffer exposure to emissions, including heavy metals, acidic gases, particulate matter and dioxins, from these devices. In spite of international recognition of the global health hazards associated with dioxin emissions in particular, explicitly recognised in the Stockholm Convention, attempts to shut down or otherwise remediate current incinerator impacts have thus far proved ineffective. Communities are faced with never-ending applications for the construction of new units. The technologies proposed for new incinerators would be unacceptable in well-regulated industrialised countries; existing units approximate uncontrolled combustion devices. The injustice of this situation is compounded by a regulatory regime that places an unequal burden on the poor who suffer the health and other impacts of exposure to emissions and have to mobilise resources to defend their environmental rights. Methods: We review the legal landscape (the Constitution, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) regulations, the National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) and Air Pollution Prevention Act Process 39 Guidelines) applicable to the control of incinerator emissions. We summarise the Best Available Technology for controlling all emissions from MWIs, the international emissions data, and the health impacts of these emissions. To emphasize the absence of regulatory control over dioxin (and furan) emissions, we review the process factors that give rise to the formation of these highly toxic substances, and the available emission control technologies. The UNEP Dioxins Toolkit was used to estimate likely dioxin emissions from the currently operating MWIs in Gauteng province. These emissions are compared against the European Union (EU) emission limits. Case studies drawn from several recent or current legal interventions in Gauteng are used to illustrate both the legal hurdles and loopholes in the regulatory processes, and the technical inadequacy of proposed new incinerators. Results: While existing regulations, in principle, afford some protection against incinerator impacts, these units in practice operate in a virtually unregulated environment. Incinerator emissions exceed EU limits by several orders of magnitude. The current regulatory system is ineffective, and places an unsupportable burden on the public to defend their environmental rights, both in relation to existing incinerators and proposed new units. The authorities have neither the capacity nor insight needed to effectively regulate incinerators. The Precautionary Principle and the requirement to consider cumulative impacts enshrined in NEMA, and relevant international data and regulatory experience are ignored. Conclusion: Emissions from existing incinerators exceed EU emission limits by several orders of magnitude. In the interests of public health, a fundamental change in the regulatory environment, and the capacity to interpret and enforce regulations, are needed." @default.
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• W2034732251 date "2005-09-01" @default.
• W2034732251 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2034732251 title "SOUTH AFRICAN INCINERATORS: WASTE DISPOSAL OR DUMPING THE WASTE BURDEN ON THE POOR?" @default.
• W2034732251 doi "https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200509000-00197" @default.
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