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• W2034861745 abstract "How the brain encodes the consequences of choices and uses this to guide beneficial decision-making has been a central question for neuroscientists. While much research has focused on situations where responses are either categorically correct or erroneous, in natural environments the value of an outcome can be more complex, depending on several separable factors, including the quantity, quality and availability of the reward, the context in which it was received, and the costs that had to be incurred in order to obtain it. In this issue, Kennerley & Wallis (2009) present a systematic study of how three frontal lobe regions – lateral and orbital prefrontal cortex (LPFC and OFC) and the dorsal bank of the cingulate sulcus (ACC) – encode the consequences of previous decisions as a function of three separate parameters of value: the likelihood of reward (‘probability’), the size of reward (‘payoff’), and the response cost that needed to be overcome to achieve reward (‘cost’). These three regions are interconnected and also share certain inputs and outputs, so it is not surprising to find cells in all three that represent similar task events. However, while some neurons in each region did encode the value of the outcome during reward delivery across each of the variables, Kennerley & Wallis (2009) found that ACC cells were significantly more likely than those in OFC or LPFC to be modulated by whether a reward was delivered, how large it was, and how many responses had been required to obtain it. This finding mirrors one from the same authors at the choice stage where ACC cells were also significantly more likely to encode the decision variables than those in OFC or LPFC. Of many interesting findings in this study, two stand out for consideration. First, there has been much interest in the way outcomes can be coded as a function of their deviation from current expectancy (‘reward prediction error’). While this has been most commonly associated with putative midbrain dopaminergic neurons (Schultz, 1998), similar prediction error-type signals have also been observed in the frontal lobe (e.g. Matsumoto et al., 2007). In probability conditions in the present study, however, many more cells throughout the frontal lobe responded to the presence or absence of reward than to violations of expectancy, or to probability or uncertainty. Given the static nature of the current task, where outcomes should not be required to guide subsequent choices, one interesting possibility is that this relates to a role for the frontal lobe in evaluating the usefulness of outcome information to guide future decision-making (Rushworth & Behrens, 2008). Second, in cost conditions, firing rates were correlated both with how many responses needed to be made during their execution, sometimes ramping towards the expected outcome, and, at the time of the reward, with how much work had been endured. The former may be important to allow an animal to persist through a series of movements and track expected response costs; the latter might relate to how costs can cause relative revaluation of an outcome (cf. Kacelnik & Marsh, 2002). Damage to the ACC often causes deficits only in tasks where the consequences of actions are not fixed or known or when response costs have to be overcome to achieve greater reward (see Walton et al., 2007). While the present results come from a well-learned task, they clearly show that the ACC, more than the OFC or LPFC, encodes several of the ingredients necessary to guide and evaluate beneficial choice behaviour. How this information is used in a more dynamic context, where benefits need to be weighed against costs, will be an important question for future research." @default.
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• W2034861745 date "2009-05-01" @default.
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• W2034861745 title "Evaluating and revaluing outcomes in the frontal lobe (Commentary on Kennerley and Wallis)" @default.
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• W2034861745 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06745.x" @default.
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