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• W2035237143 abstract "The betatron is primarily a physics research tool and industrial x-ray machine. We are exploring its medical possibilities and realize that it will be a long-term project. The present report high-lights some of our progress, some of the obstacles encountered, and some of the early biological effects we have observed. As its name implies, the betatron is an agency for producing high-energy electrons, i.e., beta particles. The desirability of great acceleration of electrons and the limitations of ordinary transformers for this purpose were recognized many years ago. As far back as 1922 the general idea of speeding electrons in a magnetic field was recognized as feasible. Since that time many university and industrial groups have tackled the problem, and in 1940 Kerst (1) succeeded in accelerating and guiding electrons into a useful beam of x-rays. At present we are converting these high-speed electrons into extremely powerful x-rays but, as Uhlmann and Skaggs (2) have shown, electrons can be brought out as a separate beam for future investigation. The betatron differs from other accelerators in that it is quite compact, gives continuous acceleration to the partides, and uses only light particles. In contrast, any accelerator involving the cyclotron principle gives an intermittent or discontinuous type of push to the particle. Several of the larger types of accelerators are better at moving heavy particles than electrons. The first problem one faces in housing a betatron is the protection of operating personnel and neighbors from harmful radiations. In our installation, personnel are protected by a wall of 30 inches of concrete and 4 inches of lead separating the treatment magnet from the control rack. This wall runs parallel to the main axis of the beam and keeps the radiation level below 0.3 r per week (forty-hour operating time) in the control and preparation room. Our neighbors are protected by concrete walls and the underground direction of our beam. The problem of protecting animals or patients in front of the treatment magnet from scattered electrons, scattered x-rays, and neutrons is not so easily solved. Scattered electrons are reduced by interposing blocks of lucite; scattered x-rays are reduced by the heavy laminated lead collimator through which the useful beam passes, and by a massive external lead panel (Fig. 1). The neutrons are more difficult to reduce; at present, we are eliminating all possible sources of the gamma-n reaction in the path of the main x-ray beam. The determination of quantity of radiation at any given point is not easy, because of the long forward travel of the scattered rays and the behavior of ionization devices at high-energy levels. The rather limited amount of ionization occurring in air prevents us from adhering to the strictest detail of the definition of the roentgen." @default.
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• W2035237143 date "1951-03-01" @default.
• W2035237143 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W2035237143 title "Preliminary Clinical Experience with the Betatron" @default.
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• W2035237143 doi "https://doi.org/10.1148/56.3.394" @default.
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