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• W2038545578 abstract "Spring canola (Brassica napus L.) is a new crop in the Pacific Northwest and growers have adopted cultural practices used in western Canada where spring canola (or rapeseed) must be swathed to hasten maturity and avoid frost damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preharvest swathing on the seed yield and seed quality, and determine the best time to swath in northern Idaho, if swathing is needed. Five spring canola cultivars were planted in 1992 and 1993 to compare seed yield and quality of swathed and direct harvest crops. In 1994, commercial agricultural machinery was used in larger plots, to compare seed yield and quality from three different swathing dates with direct harvest. In 1992, directly harvested canola had higher yields than swathed canola. The following year, yield of directly harvested and swathed canola were not different. In commercial scale trials, yield loss was linearly related to time of swathing with the least reduction occurring when swathed at 60 to 80% brown seed, and most yield loss occurring when swathed at 10 to 20% brown seed. Therefore, optimal swathing time would be when most seeds were brown. Swathing canola resulted in smaller seed and greater chlorophyll content. However, swathed crops had lower seed moisture content, which may ease harvest operations. We recommend that canola should only be swathed in northern Idaho in cool and wet growing seasons, where harvest is delayed. Research Question Spring canola is a new crop to Pacific Northwest growers and farmers have adopted cultural practices used in western Canada where spring canola is grown extensively. A high proportion of Canadian canola is swathed prior to harvest. The aim of this study was to: (i) evaluate the effect of preharvest swathing on the seed yield and seed quality; and (ii) determine the best time to swath in northern Idaho, if swathing is advantageous with conventional harvest methods. Literature Summary The short growing season in western Canada requires that canola be swathed prior to harvest to hasten maturity and avoid frost damage. Because of the longer growing season in northern Idaho, swathing of spring canola may not be required. No swathing studies have been conducted under dryland conditions that prevail in the Palouse region of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Study Description Five spring canola cultivars were planted in 1992 and 1993 to compare seed yield and quality of swathed and direct harvest crops. When approximately 35 to 40% of seeds on the main raceme had changed from green to brown, plants from half of each plot were swathed. After drying in windrows, the swathed plots were harvested. The other half of the plot was direct harvested when mature. In 1994, larger plots, using commercial agricultural machinery, were used to: (i) compare seed yield and quality from three different swathing dates (10–20%, 35–40%, and 60–80% seed color change) plus direct harvest; and (ii) compare seed yield and quality between swathed and nonswathed canola when harvest is delayed. Applied Questions What is the effect of swathing and time of swathing compared with direct harvest on seed yield? Swathing canola crops can reduce seed yield. In 1992, directly harvested canola had higher yields (1842 lb/acre) than swathed canola (1531 lb/acre). The following year, yield of directly harvested and swathed canola were not different (2271 lb/acre and 2427 lb/acre, respectively). In commercial trials (1994) swathing resulted in lower seed yield than direct harvest, with lowest yield associated with earliest swathing times. What is the effect of swathing and time of swathing compared with direct harvest on canola seed quality? Oil content and the fatty acid profile of seed oil were unaltered by swathing compared with direct harvest. Swathing canola resulted in slightly smaller seed and greater chlorophyll content. Chlorophyll in the seed is extracted with the oil during crushing and can increase the cost of refining the oil. Lowest chlorophyll content was found when canola is swathed later (i.e., with a high proportion of brown seed) rather than earlier. However, swathed crops have lower—and more uniform—seed moisture content, which may make for an easier harvest. In addition, seed samples from swathed crops contained less chaff than direct harvest. Removal of excessive chaff by seed cleaning can be expensive. What is the optimal time to swath for highest seed yield and quality? Yield loss was linearly related to time of swathing (based on seed color change) with least reduction at the latest swathing date (60–80% brown seed), and most yield loss occurred at earliest swathing dates (10–20% brown seed, Table 1). Therefore, if needed, optimal swathing time would be when most seeds were brown. Recommendations We recommend that canola should only be swathed in northern Idaho when crops have irregular maturity caused by field variation, or in cool and wet growing seasons when a delayed harvest is anticipated. Table 1. Seed yield obtained from three cultivars harvested with three swathing dates and direct-harvest (Genesee, 1994). Seed color change† (%) Direct Cultivar 10–20 35–40 60–80 Harvest Mean ------------------------lb/acre------------------------ Helios 820 928 968 1129 961 Legend 769 800 894 1121 896 Westar 821 855 1095 1448 1055 Mean 804 861 985 1232 † The percentage of seed that has changed from green to brown." @default.
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• W2038545578 date "1999-01-01" @default.
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• W2038545578 title "Effects of Swathing on Yield and Quality of Spring Canola in Northern Idaho" @default.
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• W2038545578 doi "https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1999.033" @default.
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