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• W2039028334 abstract "The labor contribution is one if not the most important value of children in peasant economies. The study purpose is to establish this initially by reasoning and then with the aid of a case study of Bukoba District Tanzania. The assumptions starting point is that people strive to obtain at least a minimum if not an increase of material goods and services required for survival. The amount of these that are available to a household depends on 2 factors: household production; and returns from the exchange of household labor and/or product on the 1 hand and purchases of manufactured goods on the other. It is argued that these 2 processes generate a continual high demand for labor by the household and hence for children (and high fertility) whose labor can easily be controlled and product expropriated. The labor requirements of a peasant socioeconomy are such that the situation is one of labor shortage. The development of markets and government administration beyond the traditional community brought with it exploitation with the peasant household at the receiving end. Peasants sell cheap and buy dear. On the commondity whether internal or external agricultural products fetch low prices. In the labor only subsistence wages are paid. Nonmarket factors include the bureaucratization of virtually all spheres of a farmers life. The results of these negative market processes is low income which creates a still higher demand for labor apart from that needed by a labor intensive technology due to the need to work longer in order to make up for lost income. The survey was conducted in 1976 in all Wards of Kyamutwara Division covering 105 randomly selected households with a male head whose occupation was farming. There were 2 stages of observation: a survey enumeration of household members and measurement of banana/coffee plots by pacing; and an observation of time allocation. Households were visited twice a week over sample periods of the 4 main seasons. 2 main results are analyzed: the allocation of time whereby the importance of childrens labor is shown and the basis for estimation of household labor supply provided; and household labor supply and demand will be calculated and compared to evaluate the existence of surplus labor. Regarding allocation of time leisure takes 5 hours of a working day; disability mostly due to illness or work stoppages due to heavy rain takes 1 hour. Social activities consume almost 2 hours a day. Lastly domestic activities though not a constraint are necessary for survival. 6 hours daily are left for economic activities. The total work input of children i.e. a sum of their economic and domestic activities amounts to over 3 hours/child/day or over 46% of the adult input in each sex category. Neither casual observation nor intensive surveys have found underemployment in a peasant economy. Thus the work of children remains important. Whether the value of childrens work is more than its cost still needs investigation." @default.
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• W2039028334 date "1984-01-01" @default.
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• W2039028334 title "High Fertility and the Demand for Labour in Peasant Economies: The Case of Bukoba District, Tanzania" @default.
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• W2039028334 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1984.tb00175.x" @default.
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