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• W203960728 abstract "An old saying goes: when fire is small, it's a friend; when big, a foe. In the past three years, particularly in 1997, big fires have fanned the flames of cooperation in Southeast Asia. When five Southeast Asian countries joined together in 1967 to form the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), their stated purpose was to promote economic development and regional cooperation among the original member nations--Indonesia, Malaysia, the Phillippines, Singapore, and Thailand. By banding together, the founders reasoned, their economic clout would be greater than if they acted alone in a competitive way. The organization also provided a framework to resolve disputes and promote peace and stability in the region. Three decades later, ASEAN has added three new members-Myanmar (formerly Burma), Brunei Darussalam on the island of Borneo, and Vietnam. [1] Though ASEAN countries are making great strides toward peace, stability, and prosperity, progress doesn't come without increasing challenges. Today, ASEAN countries face a common challenge to their commitment to cooperation: air pollution. Economic and population growth throughout the region are increasing the sources of industrial pollution and automotive emissions. In addition, pressure to clear land for agricultural activities, including expansion of the thriving palm-oil and rubber plantations, is adding to regional haze that knows no boundaries. In the summer of 1997, the worst forest fires ever flared up in Indonesia, focusing worldwide attention on the practice of slash-and-burn clearing of land. The smoke from the fires in the Sumatra and Kalimantan regions followed the patterns of prevailing winds over Singapore and Malaysia, causing impaired visibility, raising the levels of particulate matter-soot--into an extremely unhealthful zone, and inflicting billions of dollars ($US) of health and economic damages, including an abrupt decline in tourism. While the fires in Indonesia resulted in large part from illegal burning by large plantation owners, the flames were exacerbated by drought and raged out of control. The crisis, however, paved the way for a reassessment of ASEAN policy on air pollution monitoring and enforcement of regulations. Testing the Air ASEAN member nations have worked together for over 15 years on regional plans to reduce open burning and control air pollution, but the 1997 crisis provided them with a sense of increased urgency. In Malaysia, for example, plans were made to close schools on days when the pollution reached unhealthful levels, and officials urged voluntary reductions in automobile travel to reduce vehicular emissions that add to smog conditions. But effective management of air quality first requires accurate assessment. This principle, articulated in the 1972 Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment, is widely implemented in Europe, the United States, and other developed countries. However, recognition of the principle has been slow to reach the majority in the developing world, which is coming late to the table of economic prosperity. While not all ASEAN nations have yet implemented pollution control policy, they have begun the critical task of assessment. In fact, all ASEAN countries except Indonesia make ambient air monitoring and reporting a high priority. Malaysia, for example, wants to do more than simply quantify the amount of pollutants in the air; its policy aims to determine the sources of haze and pollution, whether from local sources within its boundaries, or from sources upwind. Air quality monitoring and reporting will require cooperation among the various agencies that control agricultural waste disposal, prohibit open burning, and control automotive and industrial sources of pollution. [2] Moreover, since haze and smog are affected by changing weather patterns, it is crucial to track meteorological conditions on a regional basis. …" @default.
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• W203960728 date "1999-12-22" @default.
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• W203960728 title "Smoke Signals in Southeast Asia" @default.
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