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• W2040386089 abstract "Henry James’s Journalists as Synecdoche for the American Scene Allan Burns The journalists Henry James portrayed in his fiction of the 1880s evince what James felt were some of the more distressing manifestations of the influence of American democracy on the life of the individual. Specifically, James associated these journalists with the dissolution of the private sphere, a prevailing preoccupation with things of the moment, the rise of commercialism and vulgarity, and the collapse of social “forms” and manners. James’s general skepticism with regard to the American democratic experiment can thus usefully be studied by close examination of what explicitly for James was a representative democratic type, the journalist. James sketched this type twice in major novels, The Portrait of a Lady (1881) and The Bostonians (1886), but only treated the theme of journalism and what he felt were its pernicious effects at length in a short and somewhat underrated novel of 1888, The Reverberator. What is interesting in each case is less the criticism of journalism itself than what it intimates of James’s [End Page 1] larger criticism of democracy and how his own writing, in contradistinction to journalistic practice, takes form not as the product of an unreflective allegiance to commercial and democratic principles, but as an inquiry into those principles and their limitations. James’s “skepticism,” as I have called it, aligns him with a Tocquevillean intellectual tradition. 1 James’s debt and contribution to this tradition can most readily be scrutinized in The American Scene (1907), wherein James allows himself to generalize about the nature and influence of American democracy more freely than in any of his other writings. What I would like to demonstrate, though, is that James’s ideas about democracy and its influence appear in germinal form in his fiction; for many of the same characteristics he attributes to the general democratic milieu in The American Scene he attributes also to certain representative individuals in his earlier fiction. These individuals can be seen in terms of synecdoche, parts that figure the larger whole of James’s evolving conception of the United States. As a group, James’s journalists are particularly important in this respect because a number of the most significant criticisms that James made of the United States in The American Scene he had already made of them. James, of course, did not depreciate journalism inclusively; he admired and was a good friend of perhaps the most influential American journalist of the late nineteenth century, E. L. Godkin, founder of The Nation. James’s principal criticism and satire were reserved for the gossip-mongers, sensationalists, and libelers who represented for him certain of the less pleasing tendencies of democracy and American culture. 2 The traits James ascribed to the journalist can be observed in his comparatively sympathetic sketch of Henrietta Stackpole, aspirant to being “the Queen of American Journalism.” James allows a foretaste of her character and activities to emerge through the dialogue of Ralph Touchett and Isabel Archer. To Ralph’s question, “Do you suppose she will interview me?” Isabel responds: “Never in the world. She will not think you of enough importance.” “You will see,” said Ralph. “She’ll send a description of us all, including Bunchie, to her newspaper.” “I shall ask her not to,” Isabel answered. “You think she is capable of it, then?” “Perfectly.” “And yet you have made her your bosom-friend?” “I have not made her my bosom-friend; but I like her, in spite of her faults.” “Ah, well,” said Ralph, “I am afraid I shall dislike her, in spite of her merits.” “You will probably fall in love with her at the end of three days.” “And have my love-letters published in the Interviewer? Never!” cried the young man. (PL 275) [End Page 2] Henrietta Stackpole may be perfectly capable of sending descriptions to the newspaper and of publishing love-letters, but the tone set by jovial banter here indicates fairly clearly to the reader that she threatens nothing really grave. James’s light treatment of Henrietta throughout the novel perhaps indicates how his conception of modern journalism was still emergent. Perhaps James would not have written The Reverberator..." @default.
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• W2040386089 title "Henry James's Journalists as Synedoche for the American Scene" @default.
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