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W2040575715 abstract "We purified Myr3 (third unconventional myosin from rat), a mammalian “amoeboid” subclass myosin I, from rat liver. The heavy chain of purified Myr3 is associated with a single calmodulin light chain. Myr3 exhibits K/EDTA-ATPase and Mg-ATPase activity. The Mg-ATPase activity is stimulated by increasing F-actin concentrations in a complex triphasic manner similar to the Mg-ATPase activity of myosin I molecules from protozoa. Although purified Myr3 was observed to cross-link actin filaments, it bound in an ATP regulated manner to F-actin, and no evidence for a nucleotide-independent high affinity actin binding site that could explain the triphasic activation pattern was obtained. Micromolar concentrations of free Ca2+ reversibly inhibit the Mg-ATPase activity of Myr3 by binding to its light chain calmodulin, which remains bound to the Myr3 heavy chain irrespective of the free Ca2+ concentration. Polyclonal antibodies and Fab fragments directed against the tail domain were found to stimulate the Mg-ATPase activity. A similar stimulation of the Myr3 Mg-ATPase activity is observed upon proteolytic removal of the very C-terminal SH3 domain. These results demonstrate that Myr3 is subject to negative regulation by free calcium and its own tail domain and possibly positive regulation by a tail-domain binding partner. We purified Myr3 (third unconventional myosin from rat), a mammalian “amoeboid” subclass myosin I, from rat liver. The heavy chain of purified Myr3 is associated with a single calmodulin light chain. Myr3 exhibits K/EDTA-ATPase and Mg-ATPase activity. The Mg-ATPase activity is stimulated by increasing F-actin concentrations in a complex triphasic manner similar to the Mg-ATPase activity of myosin I molecules from protozoa. Although purified Myr3 was observed to cross-link actin filaments, it bound in an ATP regulated manner to F-actin, and no evidence for a nucleotide-independent high affinity actin binding site that could explain the triphasic activation pattern was obtained. Micromolar concentrations of free Ca2+ reversibly inhibit the Mg-ATPase activity of Myr3 by binding to its light chain calmodulin, which remains bound to the Myr3 heavy chain irrespective of the free Ca2+ concentration. Polyclonal antibodies and Fab fragments directed against the tail domain were found to stimulate the Mg-ATPase activity. A similar stimulation of the Myr3 Mg-ATPase activity is observed upon proteolytic removal of the very C-terminal SH3 domain. These results demonstrate that Myr3 is subject to negative regulation by free calcium and its own tail domain and possibly positive regulation by a tail-domain binding partner. Myosins are mechanoenzymes that convert chemical energy stored in the molecule ATP into directed force along actin filaments. They are heterooligomers consisting of one or two heavy chains and up to six light chains per heavy chain. The heavy chains exhibit an N-terminal head region, a light chain binding region, and a C-terminal tail region. The head region is relatively well conserved in all myosins and comprises ATP- and actin-binding sites and exhibits actin-activated ATPase activity (1Pollard T.D. Doberstein S.K. Zot H.G. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1991; 53: 653-681Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). Based on phylogenetic analysis of the head domain sequences myosins can be divided into more than 10 classes. Class I myosin molecules are single headed with relatively short tail-domains that neither dimerize nor form filaments. This class contains numerous members that by sequence comparison can be grouped into subclasses. Members of the “amoeboid” subclass were first identified in Acanthamoeba castellanii (2Pollard T.D. Korn E.D. J. Biol. Chem. 1973; 248: 4682-4690Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar) and Dictyostelium discoideum (3Côté G.P. Albanesi J.P. Ueno T. Hammer III, J.A. Korn E.D. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 4543-4546Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). More recently, myosin molecules of this subclass have been identified from yeast to man (Refs. 4Goodson H.V. Spudich J.A. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 1995; 30: 73-84Crossref PubMed Scopus (70) Google Scholar, 5McGoldrick C.A. Gruver C. May G.S. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 128: 577-587Crossref PubMed Scopus (173) Google Scholar, 6Bement W.M. Wirth J.A. Mooseker M.S. J. Mol. Biol. 1994; 243: 356-363Crossref PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar, 7Stöffler H.-E. Ruppert C. Reinhard J. Bähler M. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 129: 819-830Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar and Knight and Kendrick-Jones, GenBank™ accession number X70400). So far, only members of this subclass fromA. castellanii and D. discoideum have been characterized biochemically. Their actin-activated Mg-ATPase activity and their ability to produce force is regulated by phosphorylation of a single serine/threonine residue located in the head region. The recently identified vertebrate members of this subclass lack this phosphorylation site. Therefore, their ATPase and motor activities are likely to be regulated in a different manner. Vertebrate members also differ in their tail regions from the biochemically characterized protozoan members in that they do not contain an extended GPA/GPQ (glycine, proline, and alanine/glutamine)-rich region. This region was reported to exhibit actin binding activity (8Rosenfeld S.S. Rener B. Biochemistry. 1994; 33: 2322-2328Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar, 9Jung G. Hammer III, J.A. FEBS Lett. 1994; 342: 197-202Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar). Such an ATP-insensitive actin-binding site was used to explain the peculiar triphasic Mg-ATPase activation observed as a function of F-actin concentration. At low concentrations of F-actin, the Mg-ATPase reaches near maximal velocity. This is followed by a decrease of velocity at intermediate F-actin concentrations before getting reactivated to maximal velocity again at high F-actin concentrations (10Pollard T.D. Korn E.D. J. Biol. Chem. 1973; 248: 4691-4697Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Examination of the actin-activated Mg-ATPase activity of vertebrate amoeboid myosin I molecules could lead to a further clarification of the mechanism responsible for this complex triphasic activation kinetics. The heavy chain of the rat myosin I molecule Myr3, a vertebrate member of the amoeboid subclass of myosin I molecules, was recently identified by molecular cloning (7Stöffler H.-E. Ruppert C. Reinhard J. Bähler M. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 129: 819-830Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). Based on sequence analysis, the heavy chain of Myr3 contains a single light chain binding motif. This light chain binding motif was proposed to bind calmodulin. Myr3 is expressed in many tissues and cell lines. Due to its localization in cell-cell contact regions Myr3 was suggested to play a role associated with cell-cell contacts (7Stöffler H.-E. Ruppert C. Reinhard J. Bähler M. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 129: 819-830Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). To further define the function of Myr3 we attempted to characterize its enzymatic properties and their regulation. We now report the purification of Myr3 from rat liver, the characterization of its enzymatic activities, and their regulation by actin, free Ca2+, tail binding antibodies, and proteolysis. Myr3 was purified from rat liver. The livers of 40 adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were homogenized in TBS (150 mm NaCl, 50 mm Tris/HCl, pH 7.4, final volume: 2 liters) using a tight fitting motor driven Dounce homogenizer. To minimize proteolysis the protease inhibitors Pefabloc (50 mg/liter) and aprotinin (7.6 trypsin inhibitor units/liter) were added to the homogenate, and all purification steps were carried out at 4 °C. The homogenate was centrifuged in a Sorvall GS3 rotor (E. I. du Pont de Nemours, Bad Homburg, Federal Republic of Germany) at 8500 rpm for 60 min. Ammonium sulfate was added to the supernatant to a final saturation of 35% and stirred for 20 min. The pellet resulting after centrifugation (GS3-rotor, 8500 rpm, 30 min) was resuspended in 400 ml of low-salt buffer (50 mm NaCl, 20 mmHepes, pH 7.4, 2 mm MgCl2, 0.2 mmEGTA, 1 mm β-mercaptoethanol) and dialyzed against the same buffer overnight to obtain an actomyosin pellet. Sometimes the resuspended pellet was incubated in low-salt buffer for 1 h and the dialysis step omitted. This shortened procedure reduced the amount of contaminating proteins in the actomyosin pellet but the actomyosin pellet was not consistently formed. The actomyosin pellet was collected by centrifugation (GS3-rotor, 8500 rpm, 45 min) and washed twice with 400 ml of low-salt buffer supplemented with 100 mm KCl. Myr3 was then extracted from the pellet with sodium pyrophosphate. The pellet was resuspended in 150 ml of extraction buffer (20 mm sodium pyrophosphate, 100 mm KCl, and 5 mm EDTA in low-salt buffer) and centrifuged in a Beckman 50.2 Ti rotor (Beckman Instruments, Inc., Fullerton, CA) at 45,000 rpm for 45 min. The resulting extract was concentrated either by ultrafiltration (Amicon, Witten, Federal Republic of Germany) or ammonium sulfate precipitation (50% saturation) before loading onto a gel filtration column. The ammonium sulfate precipitate was directly resuspended in gel filtration buffer (10 mm Tris/HCl, pH 8.2, 200 mm NaCl, 5 mm MgCl2, 1 mm dithiothreitol, 1 mm EGTA, 10 mmATP) and clarified by centrifugation (SS34 rotor, 16,000 rpm, 20 min). The concentrated extracts were chromatographed over a HiLoad 26/60 Superdex 200 gel filtration column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany) preequilibrated in gel filtration buffer. Fractions containing Myr3 as monitored by immunoblotting were pooled and loaded onto a Mono S HR 5/5 ion-exchange column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) preequilibrated with 10 mm Tris/HCl, pH 8.2, 200 mm NaCl, 2 mm MgCl2, 1 mm dithiothreitol, 1 mm EGTA. The column was developed with a linear NaCl salt gradient (200 mm to 1 m). Myr3 eluted as a single peak at approximately 850–900 mm NaCl. Mg-ATPase activity was measured in solutions containing 15 mm Tris/HCl, pH 8.0, 10 mmMgCl2, 4 mm EGTA, and ∼90 mm NaCl contributed by the Myr3 Mono S column fractions unless otherwise stated. Assays were started by the addition of 2 mm ATP from a concentrated stock solution containing [γ-32P]ATP and incubated at 37 °C for 60 min. The radioactivity release as Pi from [γ-32P]ATP was measured. Briefly, the reaction was stopped by the addition of 7 volumes of trichloroacetic acid/charcoal (7, 5%/8%). After incubation for 30 min on ice, the suspension was centrifuged and radioactivity in the supernatants determined by Cerenkov counting. Phosphate release was linear with time and less than 20% of the substrate became hydrolyzed. All activities were determined in triplicates and activities in the absence of Myr3 were subtracted. Free Ca2+ concentrations were adjusted according to calculations with the program Calcium V2.1 (created by K.-J. Foehr and W. Warchol). Myr3 antibodies in TBS, 2 mm NaN3 were preincubated with Myr3 for 20 min prior to the addition to the reaction mixture. K/EDTA-ATPase activity was assayed in a buffer containing 0.5 m KCl, 2 mm EDTA, and 15 mm Tris/HCl, pH 8.0, as described above. Actin was purified from rabbit skeletal muscle as described (11Pardee J.D. Spudich J.A. Methods Cell Biol. 1982; 24: 271-289Crossref PubMed Scopus (340) Google Scholar) and stored as G-actin at −70 °C. Actin was polymerized in a buffer of 100 mm KCl, 2 mmMgCl2, 20 mm Hepes, pH 7.4, 0.5 mmβ-mercaptoethanol, and 2 mm NaN3. F-actin binding assays were performed as described previously (12Ruppert C. Kroschewski R. Bähler M. J. Cell Biol. 1993; 120: 1393-1403Crossref PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar) except that bovine serum albumin (1 mg/ml) was added to the assay mixture and centrifuge tubes were precoated with 5% non-fat dry milk. F-actin (50 μg/ml) incubated either with different amounts of purified Myr3 or buffer alone was adsorbed for 30 s on copper grids coated with a glow-discharged carbon film. Grids were negatively stained with 1% uranyl acetate and examined with a Philips CM10 electron microscope at an accelerating voltage of 60 kV. Purified Myr3 was separated by SDS-PAGE 1The abbreviation used is: PAGE, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. and stained with Coomassie Blue. The light chain was excised from the gel and digested with endoproteinase Lys-C. Digested peptides were separated by reversed-phase HPLC on a Superspher 60 RP select B column (Merck, Darmstadt, Federal Republic of Germany) and sequenced by N-terminal degradation using an automated sequencer (Porton 3600, Beckman Instruments). Polyclonal antibodies against Myr3 were raised and purified as described (7Stöffler H.-E. Ruppert C. Reinhard J. Bähler M. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 129: 819-830Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). Fab fragments were produced by papain digestion as described by Wallimann and Szent-Györgyi (13Wallimann T. Szent-Györgyi A.G. Biochemistry. 1981; 20: 1188-1197Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar). A C-terminally truncated fragment of Myr3 was obtained by limited proteolysis of purified Myr3 with mercuripapain. The proteolysis was stopped by the addition of 5 mm iodoacetamide. Protein concentrations were determined using the Bradford colorimetric assay (14Bradford M.M. Anal. Biochem. 1976; 72: 248-254Crossref PubMed Scopus (216412) Google Scholar). Immunoblotting was performed according to Towbin et al. (15Towbin H. Staehelin T. Gordon J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1979; 76: 4350-4354Crossref PubMed Scopus (44923) Google Scholar). Primary antibodies were diluted in 5% non-fat dry milk to 2 μg/ml. Alkaline phosphatase-coupled secondary antibody was diluted in 5% non-fat dry milk and 0.1% Triton X-100. The phosphatase reaction was visualized by the ProtoBlot system (Promega Corp., Madison, WI). Gel electrophoresis was performed according to Laemmli (16Laemmli U.K. Nature. 1970; 227: 680-685Crossref PubMed Scopus (207218) Google Scholar). For quantitative protein analysis, Coomassie-stained SDS gels were scanned and analyzed using the Image Master gel quantification system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). To characterize the biochemical properties of Myr3 we established a purification scheme for Myr3 from rat liver. Rat liver was chosen as starting material, because it contains high levels of Myr3, and the proteolytic breakdown of Myr3 in liver homogenate is less pronounced than in homogenates from other tissues. Myr3 was readily soluble at salt concentrations of 150 mm (>80%) and could be precipitated from the liver extract with ammonium sulfate reaching between 25 and 35% saturation. Since the bulk of proteins precipitated only at higher ammonium sulfate concentrations, the precipitation of Myr3 at 35% saturation represented a useful first purification step. Myr3 was further purified by the formation of an actomyosin pellet from which it could be quantitatively extracted by sodium pyrophosphate. The use of sodium pyrophospate as opposed to Mg-ATP reduced the amount of conventional myosin present in the extract. Myr3 was further purified by gel filtration and cation-exchange column chromatography. Purified Myr3 eluted from a Mono S cation-exchange column as a single sharp peak at relatively high salt concentrations of about 850–900 mm(Figs. 1 A and 10 A). Attempts to concentrate and/or desalt purified Myr3 consistently failed, because Myr3 exhibited a strong tendency to adhere to plastic surfaces. Therefore, we directly used the fractions from the Mono S column in most of our assays. The described purification protocol yielded between 150 and 300 μg of purified Myr3 from 40 rat livers.Figure 10Activation of Myr3 Mg-ATPase activity by C-terminal truncation of the tail domain. Myr3 (lane 1) and Myr3 truncated at its C terminus by limited digestion with mercuripapain (lane 2) were separated on SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Blue (A). The corresponding aliquots were used for determination of Mg-ATPase activity (B).View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Together with the Myr3 heavy chain a protein of 17 kDa was copurified (Fig.1 A). The stoichiometry of the 17-kDa protein to the Myr3 heavy chain was determined to be 0.82 ± 0.03 by gel densitometry. This number is in good agreement with the prediction of a single light chain which binds to the single “IQ motif” in the neck region of the Myr3 heavy chain. We previously reported that calmodulin was present in Myr3 heavy chain immunoprecipitates and that calmodulin bound to the Myr3 heavy chain in a gel-overlay assay (7Stöffler H.-E. Ruppert C. Reinhard J. Bähler M. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 129: 819-830Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). Indeed, the 17-kDa light chain comigrated with authentic calmodulin on SDS gels (Fig. 1 A). Furthermore, the Myr3 light chain was resistant to boiling and demonstrated a calcium-dependent shift in electrophoretic mobility, two properties that characterize authentic calmodulin (Fig. 1 B). Additional proof for the identity of the Myr3 light chain with calmodulin was obtained by peptide sequencing. Two peptide sequences derived from the Myr3 light chain (9 and 16 amino acid residues in length) were identical to corresponding sequences in rat calmodulin (Fig. 1 C). By all these criteria, the Myr3 light chain is identical to calmodulin. To analyze myosin-like activities of purified Myr3, K/EDTA-ATPase and the physiologically relevant actin-activated Mg-ATPase activities were determined. Myr3 exhibited a K/EDTA-ATPase activity of 722 ± 22 nmol/min/mg and a Mg-ATPase activity that was stimulated by F-actin (Table I). Both, basal and actin-activated Mg-ATPase, activities of Myr3 increased with increasing salt concentrations (Fig.2, Table I). However, up to a salt concentration of approximately 200 mm NaCl the slope of the actin-activated Mg-ATPase activity was smaller than the slope of the basal Mg-ATPase activity. At this salt concentration, there was no longer any actin activation of the Mg-ATPase detectable. Upon increasing the salt concentration further, the Mg-ATPase activity increased irrespective of the presence or absence of F-actin (Fig. 2). This salt-dependent increase in Mg-ATPase activity of Myr3 was reversible as Myr3 was diluted into the assay mixtures from a buffer containing 900 mm NaCl. Addition of exogenous calmodulin to the assay mixtures did not influence the Myr3 ATPase activities.Table IEnzymatic activities of purified myr3ATPase activity−F-actin+F-actinnmol min−1 mg−1K/EDTA722 ± 22Magnesium (12 mm KCl)51 ± 21209 ± 36Magnesium (90 mm NaCl)130 ± 5243 ± 9Magnesium (590 mm NaCl)659 ± 29615 ± 28The K/EDTA-ATPase activity was determined in the presence of 500 mm KCl and 2 mm EDTA. The Mg-ATPase activity in the absence or presence of F-actin was determined in assay mixtures containing either 12 mm KCl, 90 mm NaCl, or 590 mm NaCl, respectively. Open table in a new tab The K/EDTA-ATPase activity was determined in the presence of 500 mm KCl and 2 mm EDTA. The Mg-ATPase activity in the absence or presence of F-actin was determined in assay mixtures containing either 12 mm KCl, 90 mm NaCl, or 590 mm NaCl, respectively. Next we determined the effect of the actin concentration on the Mg-ATPase activity of Myr3. As shown in Fig.3, the Mg-ATPase activity of Myr3 was activated by F-actin at low concentrations of salt (12 and 35 mm KCl, respectively) in a triphasic manner. Measurements under standard conditions (90 mm NaCl) revealed no qualitative differences except for a higher basal activity and a smaller activation by F-actin due to the higher salt concentration. The Mg-ATPase activity increased up to a concentration of ∼1 μm actin, then decreased up to a concentration of ∼3.5 μm actin and finally increased again until it reached a plateau at actin concentrations higher than 7 μm. As mentioned above, the triphasic F-actin activation of the Mg-ATPase of amoeboid myosin I molecules from protozoa is explained by a mechanism that involves cross-linking of F-actin. To test whether Myr3 can cross-link actin filaments, we examined mixtures of F-actin and purified Myr3 by electron microscopy (Fig. 4). Bundles of cross-linked F-actin were observed in the presence of purified Myr3. This finding indicates that Myr3 is able to cross-link actin filaments, although it lacks a “GPA” region in its tail domain. To determine directly whether Myr3 contains an ATP-independent high affinity actin-binding site, which could explain the triphasic activation of its ATPase activity by increasing F-actin concentrations, we performed actin cosedimentation experiments at low Myr3 concentrations. Myr3 was found to specifically cosediment with actin filaments in the absence, but not in the presence, of ATP (Fig. 5), indicating that Myr3 does not contain a nucleotide-independent high affinity actin binding site.Figure 5Binding of purified Myr3 to F-actin. The F-actin binding of Myr3 was determined at 150 mm salt by cosedimentation in the absence (−) or presence (+) of actin (18.7 μm) and ATP (2 mm), respectively. Supernatants (S) and pellets (P) were analyzed for their content of Myr3 by immunoblotting with antibody Tü58.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Since we have shown that the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin serves as the single light chain of Myr3, we hypothesized that the activity of Myr3 might be regulated by Ca2+. Therefore, we examined the effect of free Ca2+ ions on its Mg-ATPase activity (Fig.6 A). Addition of micromolar free calcium ions reduced both the basal and actin-activated Mg-ATPase activity of Myr3 by a factor of 2–3. This inhibitory effect of free calcium on the Mg-ATPase activity of Myr3 was reversible. Chelation of free calcium ions with EGTA after a 20-min incubation of purified Myr3 with free Ca2+ increased the Mg-ATPase activity again to the initial level (Fig. 6 A). A detailed analysis of the free calcium concentration needed to inhibit the Myr3 Mg-ATPase activity revealed a marked inhibition for both the basal and actin-activated Mg-ATPase activity between a concentration range of 0.1–1 μm free Ca2+ (Fig. 6 B). This concentration range exactly coincides with the affinity of calmodulin for calcium, strongly supporting the notion that the observed inhibition is due to the binding of Ca2+ to the Myr3 light chain calmodulin. This Ca2+-dependent inhibition of the Myr3 Mg-ATPase activity could be explained either by an allosteric effect or by dissociation of calmodulin from the Myr3 heavy chain. To discriminate between these two possibilities, we performed an actin cosedimentation assay in the absence and presence of micromolar free Ca2+ (Fig.7). This experiment allows for the separation of free calmodulin from calmodulin bound to the Myr3 heavy chain. Comparable amounts of calmodulin were found to cosediment with Myr3 and F-actin irrespective of the free calcium concentration (Fig.7). This result demonstrates that calmodulin remains bound to the Myr3 heavy chain irrespective of the free Ca2+ concentration and hence that the regulation of the Myr3 Mg-ATPase by Ca2+ is of allosteric nature. In further support of this notion, addition of exogenous calmodulin had no effect on the Mg-ATPase activity of Myr3 (data not shown).Figure 7Association of calmodulin with Myr3 in the absence and presence of free Ca2+. Myr3 was incubated in the absence of free Ca2+ (4 mm EGTA) (lane 1) and in the presence of free Ca2+ (3 μm Ca2+) (lane 2), respectively. To determine the amount of calmodulin bound to Myr3, Myr3 was cosedimented with F-actin. The pellets were analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by Coomassie Blue staining. Bovine serum albumin was added to the assay to prevent unspecific binding and adhesion to the tube walls.HC, Myr3 heavy chain; LC, light chain (calmodulin).View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) As a substitute for a physiological Myr3 tail binding partner, the antibody FML 6, which was raised against a fusion protein of the Myr3 tail domain (encompassing amino acids 821–1107; Ref. 7Stöffler H.-E. Ruppert C. Reinhard J. Bähler M. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 129: 819-830Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar), was tested for potential regulatory effects on the Mg-ATPase of the Myr3 head domain. Interestingly, the antibody FML 6 caused in a concentration-dependent manner an increase of both basal and actin-activated Mg-ATPase activity (Fig.8 A). The basal Mg-ATPase activity was raised to values that were comparable to the actin-activated Mg-ATPase activity. The actin-activated Mg-ATPase activity was also increased, but to a somewhat smaller degree. The observed activation of the Myr3 Mg-ATPase activity by antibody FML 6 was not simply a result of cross-linking of Myr3 molecules by the antibodies. Monovalent Fab fragments also stimulated the Myr3 Mg-ATPase activity and that to a similar extent as the FML 6 IgG antibodies (Fig.9). This activation of the Myr3 Mg-ATPase activity was not observed with control antibodies (data not shown) and the previously described polyclonal antibody Tü 58 (7Stöffler H.-E. Ruppert C. Reinhard J. Bähler M. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 129: 819-830Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar) that recognizes a region in the myosin head domain of Myr3 (amino acids 326–342) corresponding to the so called ordered loop in the conventional myosin head (amino acids 400–416; Ref. 34Rayment I. Rypniewski W.R. Schmidt-Bäre K. Smith R. Tomchick D.R. Benning M.M. Winkelmann D.A. Wesenberg G. Holden H.M. Science. 1993; 261: 50-58Crossref PubMed Scopus (1873) Google Scholar). Antibody Tü 58 specifically inhibited the F-actin activation of the Myr3 Mg-ATPase (Fig. 8 B). Additive effects were observed when the two antibodies, Tü 58 and FML 6, were added simultaneously. ATPase measurements in the presence of both antibodies demonstrated an increase in the basal Mg-ATPase activity but no longer any activation by F-actin (data not shown). These results suggest that the two antibodies were affecting two independent regulatory mechanisms and they demonstrate the specificity of the activation of the Mg-ATPase by the Myr3 tail antibodies. Interestingly, a similar activation of the Myr3 Mg-ATPase activity as with the tail binding antibodies was noticed upon proteolytic cleavage of the very C terminus of the Myr3 tail domain (Fig. 10). Limited digestion of Myr3 with mercuripapain produced a Myr3 fragment truncated at its C terminus by approximately 10 kDa (Fig. 10 A). A similar degradation product of Myr3 is also observed in tissue homogenates as described previously (7Stöffler H.-E. Ruppert C. Reinhard J. Bähler M. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 129: 819-830Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). This C-terminally truncated Myr3 molecule exhibited a clearly increased Mg-ATPase activity as compared with the intact Myr3 molecule (Fig. 10 B), indicating that the C-terminal tail domain provides some inhibitory constraint for the Mg-ATPase activity located in the head domain.Figure 9Activation of Myr3 Mg-ATPase activity by tail binding Fab fragments. Myr3 Mg-ATPase activity was determined in the absence (− Fab) and presence of 30 μg of Fab fragments derived from FML 6 total IgG (+ Fab).View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) The establishment of a purification procedure for the rat myosin I molecule Myr3 allowed us to initiate its biochemical characterization. Preparations of purified Myr3 contained in addition to the heavy chain as predicted from its sequence a single light chain in a 1:1 stoichiometry. This light chain was identified as calmodulin based on its electrophoretic mobility, heat stability, and partial peptide sequence. Calmodulin has been found to be associated with other vertebrate myosin I molecules (12Ruppert C. Kroschewski R. Bähler M. J. Cell Biol. 1993; 120: 1393-1403Crossref PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar, 17Conzelmann K.A. Mooseker M.S. J. Cell Biol. 1987; 105: 313-324Crossref PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar, 18Halsall D.J. Hammer III, J.A. FEBS Lett. 1990; 267: 126-130Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar, 19Bähler M. Kroschewski R. Stöffler H.-E. Behrmann T. J. Cell Biol. 1994; 126: 375-389Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar) but not with amoeboid myosin I molecules from protozoa, which are the closest homologues of Myr3 (20Maruta H. Gadasi H. Collins J.H. Korn E.D. J. Biol. Chem. 1978; 253: 6297-6300Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 21Lynch T.J. Brzeska H. Miyata H. Korn E.D. J. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 19333-19339Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). This difference in the identity of the light chain between Myr3 and other amoeboid myosin I molecules might reflect a difference in regulatory properties. This notion is supported by the fact that Myr3 does not contain the regulatory phosphorylation site present in the head domain of amoeboid myosin I molecules from protozoa. Myr3 displayed K/EDTA-ATPase and actin-activated Mg-ATPase activities that are characteristic of bona fide myosins. The K/EDTA-ATPase activity of Myr3 was higher than for other vertebrate myosin I molecules such as chicken brush border myosin I (17Conzelmann K.A. Mooseker M.S. J. Cell Biol. 1987; 105: 313-324Crossref PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar, 22Collins J.H. Borysenko C.W. J. Biol. Chem. 1984; 259: 14128-14135Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar), myr1 (23Coluccio L.M. Conaty C. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 1993; 24: 189-199Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar), or myr2 (23Coluccio L.M. Conaty C. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 1993; 24: 189-199Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar, 24Barylko B. Wagner M.C. Reizes O. Albanesi J.P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1992; 89: 490-494Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar, 25Zhu T. Sata M. Ikebe M. Biochemistry. 1996; 35: 513-522Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar), but lower than for myosin I molecules from protozoa (20Maruta H. Gadasi H. Collins J.H. Korn E.D. J. Biol. Chem. 1978; 253: 6297-6300Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). The actin-activated Mg-ATPase activity of Myr3 was comparable with that of other myosin I molecules from vertebrates (17Conzelmann K.A. Mooseker M.S. J. Cell Biol. 1987; 105: 313-324Crossref PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar,25Zhu T. Sata M. Ikebe M. Biochemistry. 1996; 35: 513-522Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar) and the dephosphorylated myosin I molecules from protozoa (20Maruta H. Gadasi H. Collins J.H. Korn E.D. J. Biol. Chem. 1978; 253: 6297-6300Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). However, it was considerably lower as compared with the actin-activated Mg-ATPase activity of the phosphorylated myosin I molecules from protozoa. Myr3, like the amoeboid myosin I molecules from protozoa, exhibited a peculiar triphasic activation of its Mg-ATPase by F-actin. For the myosin I molecules from protozoa this complex kinetic behavior has been proposed to be due to a second ATP-insensitive high affinity F-actin binding site in their tail domains (26Albanesi J.P. Fujisaki H. Korn E.D. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 11174-11179Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 27Pantaloni D. J. Biol. Chem. 1985; 260: 11180-11182Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). An ATP-insensitive F-actin binding site has been mapped to the GPA/GPQ-rich region in these myosin I molecules (8Rosenfeld S.S. Rener B. Biochemistry. 1994; 33: 2322-2328Crossref PubMed Scopus (39) Google Scholar, 9Jung G. Hammer III, J.A. FEBS Lett. 1994; 342: 197-202Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar, 28Doberstein S. Pollard T.D. J. Cell Biol. 1992; 117: 1241-1249Crossref PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar). The tail domain of Myr3 lacks such a GPA/GPQ-rich region. Nevertheless, in electron micrographs we observed bundling of actin filaments by Myr3. Similar bundling activity has also been reported for brush border myosin I (17Conzelmann K.A. Mooseker M.S. J. Cell Biol. 1987; 105: 313-324Crossref PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar, 29Coluccio L.M. Bretscher A. J. Cell Biol. 1987; 105: 325-333Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar), myr1, and myr2 (23Coluccio L.M. Conaty C. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 1993; 24: 189-199Crossref PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar), which also lack a GPA/GPQ-rich region. Therefore, in vitrobundling of actin filaments by myosin I molecules does not necessarily require the presence of a GPA/GPQ-rich region. On the other hand, bundling does not automatically mean complex triphasic activation kinetics, because brush border myosin I and myr2 exhibit simple hyperbolic activation kinetics (17Conzelmann K.A. Mooseker M.S. J. Cell Biol. 1987; 105: 313-324Crossref PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar, 25Zhu T. Sata M. Ikebe M. Biochemistry. 1996; 35: 513-522Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar, 30Collins K. Sellers J.R. Matsudaira P.T. J. Cell Biol. 1990; 110: 1137-1147Crossref PubMed Scopus (146) Google Scholar). At present, we do not know whether cross-linking of actin filaments by Myr3 is due to a nucleotide-insensitive actin binding site or rather self-association. This question is of relevance for understanding the mechanism of its complex activation by F-actin. However, in accordance with the lack of a GPA/GPQ-rich region in Myr3, we have not obtained any evidence for a high affinity ATP-insensitive F-actin binding site in actin binding experiments performed with purified Myr3. Therefore, alternative mechanisms for explaining the complex triphasic kinetics cannot be excluded. Surprisingly, the ATPase activity of Myr3 was found to be negatively regulated by micromolar free Ca2+ concentrations. This is exactly the opposite of what has been reported for other vertebrate myosin molecules, which contain calmodulin molecules associated as light chains. Micromolar free Ca2+ concentrations have been shown to activate the Mg-ATPase activities of brush border myosin I, myr1, myosin Iβ, and myosin V (25Zhu T. Sata M. Ikebe M. Biochemistry. 1996; 35: 513-522Crossref PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar, 30Collins K. Sellers J.R. Matsudaira P.T. J. Cell Biol. 1990; 110: 1137-1147Crossref PubMed Scopus (146) Google Scholar, 31Williams R. Coluccio L.M. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 1994; 27: 41-48Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar, 32Cheney R.E. O'Shea M.K. Heuser J.E. Coelho M.V. Wolenski J.S. Espreafico E.M. Forscher P. Larson R.E. Mooseker M.S. Cell. 1993; 75: 13-23Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (380) Google Scholar). In brush border myosin I and myosin V elevation of free Ca2+ concentrations also led to a partial dissociation of calmodulin light chains (30Collins K. Sellers J.R. Matsudaira P.T. J. Cell Biol. 1990; 110: 1137-1147Crossref PubMed Scopus (146) Google Scholar, 32Cheney R.E. O'Shea M.K. Heuser J.E. Coelho M.V. Wolenski J.S. Espreafico E.M. Forscher P. Larson R.E. Mooseker M.S. Cell. 1993; 75: 13-23Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (380) Google Scholar). However, we demonstrated that calmodulin is associated with the Myr3 heavy chain irrespective of the free Ca2+ concentration and, therefore, conclude that binding of Ca2+ to the light chain calmodulin regulates the Myr3 Mg-ATPase activity allosterically. This conclusion is supported by the lack of any modulation of the Mg-ATPase by an excess of exogenously added calmodulin. Binding of the antibody FML 6 or of monovalent Fab fragments to the tail-domain of Myr3 caused an increase in its Mg-ATPase activity. To explain how the binding of an antibody to the tail-domain of a myosin can affect its ATPase activity, further experimentation will be needed. However, one clue comes from the observation that a C-terminally truncated Myr3 fragment also exhibits increased Mg-ATPase activity. Therefore, it seems likely that both the tail binding antibody FML 6 and the truncation at the very C terminus of the tail domain neutralize an inhibitory constraint imposed by the tail domain. This inhibitory constraint might be imposed by the C-terminal SH3 domain that is missing in the truncated Myr3 molecule (7Stöffler H.-E. Ruppert C. Reinhard J. Bähler M. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 129: 819-830Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). This SH3 domain could bind intramolecularly to proline-rich motifs present in the Myr3 tail domain and thereby inhibit Mg-ATPase activity. An inhibitory function for SH3 domains has already several precedents in protein kinases (33Cooper J.A. Howell B. Cell. 1993; 73: 1051-1054Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (495) Google Scholar). We reported previously that intact Myr3 in lung homogenates did not bind significantly to F-actin, whereas a C-terminally truncated Myr3 degradation product did bind to F-actin in an ATP-regulated manner (7Stöffler H.-E. Ruppert C. Reinhard J. Bähler M. J. Cell Biol. 1995; 129: 819-830Crossref PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). We now report that intact purified Myr3 binds in an ATP-regulated manner to F-actin. These seemingly contradictory findings might either be explained by removal of a factor(s) during purification interacting with or modifying the C terminus of Myr3 or by disruption of inhibitory intramolecular interactions. These previously reported results, however, are in agreement with our present findings of an inhibitory function of the Myr3 tail domain. Our results suggest that caution should be exercised when comparing data obtained from in vitro motility assays in which the tail domains have been immobilized with data obtained in solution. The mode of immobilization of the tail domain might critically affect the motor activity. Furthermore, these results suggest that in vivo binding partners of myosin tail domains might regulate the motor activity and suggest a novel approach for identifying myosin tail binding partners. We thank Rainer T. Müller and Georg Kalhammer for assistance and continuous support during the whole progress of this work. We are indebted to Dr. Heinz Schwarz for his help in analyzing Myr3-F-actin complexes by negative stain electron microscopy and to Dr. Susanne Beck for her help in determining the Myr3-calmodulin stoichiometry. We also acknowledge the support and encouragement of Dr. Manfred Schliwa." @default.
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W2040575715 title "The ATPase Activity of Myr3, a Rat Myosin I, Is Allosterically Inhibited by Its Own Tail Domain and by Ca2+ Binding to Its Light Chain Calmodulin" @default.
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W2040575715 doi "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.23.14605" @default.
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