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• W204057863 abstract "Latinos are the largest minority group in the United States, comprising 12 per cent of the total population (U. S. Bureau of the Census, 2001). The word Latino is used here in place of Hispanic to reflect a growing preference for this term among social scientists and demographers (Therrien & Ramirez, 2000; Arbona, 1995). We use the term Latino to represent people, regardless of gender, who identify themselves as members of the Latino community. A diverse group, Latinos in the 2000 U.S. census reported their origins as 66.1 percent Mexican, 14.5 per cent Central and South American, 9.0 percent Puerto Rican, 4.0 percent Cuban, and 6.4 percent other Hispanic origins (Therrien & Ramirez). Latinos may be of any race and are by definition multiethnic, sharing a history of Spanish colonization in the Americas (Arbona 1995) A large number of Latinos in the United States, 39.1 per cent or 12.8 million, are foreign born, with 43 per cent of this group entering in the 1990's. One in four of foreign-born Latinos is a naturalized citizen (Therrien & Ramirez, 2000). Interestingly, the trend towards naturalization appears to be slowing, with 23.9 per cent of those entering in the 80's and 6.7 per cent of those entering in the 90's becoming naturalized citizens. Thus for many Latinos, length of time in the U.S., acculturation, citizen or resident status, and knowledge of English will have a significant impact on their educational opportunity and career development. Culture and Empowerment In general, career counselors working with Latinos should take into consideration several key issues. First, and perhaps most important, counselors need to examine their own cultural, social, educational and economic backgrounds and how this knowledge might impact their beliefs regarding Latinos. Davison Aviles, Guerrero, Howarth and Thomas (1999) interviewed Latinos who had dropped out of school and found that negative expectations and stereotypes from school administrators and counselors were consistently cited by Latino students as contributing to their decision to drop out. The authors suggested that counselors receive multicultural training and take a proactive stance in working with Latinos in the public schools. While the barriers and challenges faced by Latinos are significant, it is sometimes too easy to become mired in a problem-centered approach. Improving the educational or occupational opportunities of Latinos and other minority groups lies in shifting from a deficit perspective to one of empowerment or bicultural competence in theory, research, and intervention (Davison Aviles et al, 1999; Cummins 1986, 1989). The empowerment model described by Cummins (1986, 1989) suggests that that majority/minority societal group relations, school/minority community relations and educator/minority student relations exert a major influence on school performance and, by extension, career development and outcomes. Counselors using an empowerment or competence perspective seek to understand cultural values in positive, synergistic way and to teach and build upon strengths. For example, Arbona (1995) indicated that Latino students' academic achievement was positively affected by gains in academic self-efficacy. Career self-efficacy may be similarly enhanced when Latinos are given opportunity to experience positive career selfefficacy such as performance accomplishment in vocational and academic experiences and exposure to successful role models (Arbona 1995). While there is no empirical evidence connecting cultural values to lowered occupational or educational achievement (Fouad, 1995), there is a growing body of literature describing the importance of understanding the influence of culture-related variables on academic personal, and career development (Davison Aviles & Davison, 2001 ; Davison Aviles & Spokane, 1999; Davison Aviles et al, 1999; Arbona 1995, Fouad, 1995). These variables include language, race, socioeconomic status, acculturation, and country of origin. …" @default.
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• W204057863 date "2004-12-01" @default.
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• W204057863 title "Career Counseling with Latinos in the United States" @default.
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