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• W2040619462 abstract "Abstract This article draws on concepts from public policy analysis and the literature on EU member state influence to examine Poland's efforts to project its preferences onto European external energy policy. It argues that Poland's attempts to ‘upload’ its preferences are motivated by a perceived ‘misfit’ between European external energy policy and Warsaw's broader geopolitical priorities concerning Russia. The main aim of the article is to assess the impact of Poland's entrepreneurial efforts on the EU level and to review the relevance of several factors contributing to their success or failure. For this purpose, the article provides an in-depth, empirically rich case study focusing on Warsaw's call for ‘energy solidarity’ in the context of its ‘Energy NATO’ initiative in 2006 and the reform treaty negotiations in 2007. It concludes that Warsaw's ‘uploading’ efforts have faced very considerable constraints, but nevertheless succeeded at placing the notion of ‘energy solidarity’ onto the EU agenda. Notes 1. K. A. Longhurst and M. Zaborowski, The New Atlanticist: Poland's Foreign and Security Priorities (Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing 2007). 2. This article employs a broad definition of EEEP, which also includes certain policies relating to the internal market, in particular measures to ensure supply security. 3. B. Buzan, O. Wæver and J. de Wilde, Security: A Framework for Analysis (Boulder, CO, and London: Lynne Rienner 1998). 4. T. A. Börzel and T. Risse, ‘Conceptualizing the Domestic Impact of Europe’, in K. Featherstone and C. M. Radaelli (eds.), The Politics of Europeanization (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2003). 5. T. A. Börzel, Coping with Accession to the European Union: New Modes of Environmental Governance (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2009); R. Wong, ‘The Europeanization of Foreign Policy’, in C. Hill and M. Smith (eds.), International Relations and the European Union New European Union Series (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2005). 6. T. A. Börzel, ‘Shaping and Taking EU Policies: Member State Responses to Europeanization’, Queen's Papers on Europeanisation 2 (2003); H. Wallace, ‘Exercising Power and Influence in the EU: The Roles of Member States’, in S. Bulmer and C. Lequesne (eds.), The Member States of the European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2005). 7. D. Panke, The Influence of Small States in the EU: Structural Disadvantages and Counterstrategies, DEI Working Paper 08-3 (Dublin: University College Dublin European Institute 2008); D. Arter, ‘Small State Influence Within the EU: The Case of Finland's ‘Northern Dimension Initiative’’, Journal of Common Market Studies 38/5 (2000); J. Jónsdóttir, Can Iceland influence EU Decision-Making?, paper presented at the ECPR Standing Group on the European Union, Fourth Pan-European Conference on EU Politics, Riga, 25–27 Sept. 2008. 8. A. Juncos and K. Pomorska, ‘Playing the Brussels Game: Strategic Socialisation in CFSP Council Working Groups’, European Integration Online Papers 10 (2006). 9. M. Leonard and N. Popescu, A Power Audit of EU-Russia Relations, ECFR Policy Paper (London: European Council on Foreign Relations 2007); A. Schmidt-Felzmann, ‘All for One? EU Member States and the Union's Common Policy Towards the Russian Federation’, Journal of Contemporary European Studies 16/2 (2008). 10. N. Copsey and K. Pomorska, Poland's Power and Influence in the European Union: The Case of its Eastern Policy, paper presented at the APSA Conference, Boston, 30 Aug. 2008. 11. J. W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, 2nd ed. (New York and London: Longman 2003). 12. Ibid. p. 204. 13. Ibid. p. 19f. 14. Arter (note 7). 15. J. Lewis, ‘Strategic Bargaining, Norms and Deliberation’, in D. Naurin and H. Wallace (eds.), Unveiling the Council of the European Union: Games Governments play in Brussels (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan 2008). 16. M. A. Pollack, ‘Delegation, Agency and Agenda Setting in the European Community’, International Organization 51 (1997); J. Tallberg, ‘The Agenda-Shaping Powers of the EU Council Presidency’, Journal of European Public Policy 10/1 (2003). 17. Permanent Partnership Council, Joint Statement on EU Enlargement and EU-Russia Relations, 24 April 2004 (Brussels: Council of the EU 2004). 18. Commission, Communication on the Development of Energy Policy for the Enlarged European Union, its Neighbours and Partner Countries COM 2003 262 final/2, 26 May 2003 (Brussels: European Commission 2003). 19. Commission, Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply COM 2000 769 final, 29 Nov. 2000 (Brussels: European Commission 2000). 20. A. V. Belyi, ‘The EU's External Energy Policy’, in M. Roggenkamp, C. Redgwell, A. Ronne, and I. del Guay (eds.), Energy Law in Europe: National, EU and International Law and Institutions (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2007). 21. S. Lavenex, ‘EU External Governance in ‘Wider Europe’’, Journal of European Public Policy 11/4 (2004). 22. Commission, Towards a European Strategy (note 19). 23. Council, Council Directive 2006/67/EC of 24 July 2006 Imposing an Obligation on Member States to Maintain Minimum Stocks of Crude Oil and/or Petroleum Products (Brussels: Council of the EU 2006). 24. Commission, Communication on the Directive 2004/67/EC of 26 April 2004 concerning Measures to Safeguard Security of Natural Gas Supply, COM(2008) 769 final (Brussels: European Commission 2008) p. 4. 25. PGNiG, Polish Oil and Gas Company PGNiG, Annual Report 2007, (Warsaw: PGNiG SA 2007). In the wake of the Russian-Ukrainian gas dispute of January 2009, RosUkrEnergo ceased its deliveries to Poland. 26. Due to the postponement of the Skanled project announced in May 2009, the pipeline's future is currently uncertain. 27. EU-Ukraine, Memorandum of Understanding on Co-operation in the Field of Energy between the European Union and Ukraine, 1 Dec. 2005 (Kiev 2005). 28. RFE/RL, ‘Polish DM Likens Pipeline Deal To Nazi-Soviet Pact’, RFE/RL, 30 April 2006. 29. Interview with former high-ranking Member State Official, Warsaw, 20 Dec. 2007. 30. K.-O. Lang, Polens Energiepolitik. Interessen und Konfliktpotentiale in der EU und im Verhältnis zu Deutschland, SWP Studie S13 (Berlin: German Institute for International and Security Affairs 2007) p. 11. 31. Commission, Communication on the Directive 2004/67/EC (note 24) p. 13. 32. Telephone interview with Member State Official, Brussels-Vienna, 16 May 2008. 33. Commission, Interim Report on the Follow Up to the Informal Meeting of Heads of State and Government at Hampton Court COM(2005) 654 final, 7 Dec. 2005 (Brussels: European Commission 2005). 34. Telephone interview with Member State Official, Brussels-Berlin, 6 May 2008. 35. Telephone interview with Member State Official, Brussels-Vienna, 16 May 2008. 36. Austrian Presidency, Bartenstein: Europe's Natural Gas Supply Must Be Placed on a Sound Footing, Press Release, 17 Jan. 2006 (Vienna 2006). 37. Commission, Green Paper, A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, COM 2006 105 final, 8 March 2006 (Brussels: European Commission 2006). 38. Telephone interview with Member State Official, Brussels-Vienna, 16 May 2008. 39. Polish Foreign Ministry, ‘Address by Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz during a Forum on Energy Security during the World Economic Forum in Davos on January 26, 2006’, Materials and Documents Jan. 2006 (2006). 40. K. Marcinkiewicz, ‘COMMENT: Europe's Energy Musketeers Must Stand Together’, Financial Times (London), 10 Feb. 2006. 41. President's Office, Calendar of Events for 2006 (Office of the Polish President 2006), available at <http://www.prezydent.pl/x.node?id=3042625>, accessed 23 Nov. 2007. 42. Telephone interview with Member State Official, Brussels-Vienna, 16 May 2008. 43. F.-W. Steinmeier, Russland, Europa und die Welt - Perspektiven der Zusammenarbeit in Globalen Sicherheitsfragen, Speech at the 42nd Munich Security Conference, 5 Feb. 2006 (Munich 2006). 44. H. Hauschild, D. Heilmann, and A. Rinke, ‘Energiepolitik Bleibt National’, Handelsblatt (Duesseldorf), 15 March 2006. 45. A. Rettman, ‘Sovereignty and Protectionism Cloud EU Energy Policy’, EU Observer (Brussels), 20 March 2006. 46. Telephone interview with Member State Official, Brussels-Vienna, 16 May 2008. 47. Polish Delegation, Proposal for a European Energy Security Treaty, Council Document 7160/06 (Brussels: Council of the EU 2006). 48. Telephone interview with Member State Official, Brussels-Berlin, 6 May 2008. 49. Hauschild, Heilmann, and Rinke (note 44). 50. Telephone interview with Member State Official, Brussels-Vienna, 16 May 2008. 51. Telephone interview with former high-ranking Member State Official, Brussels-Warsaw, 19 May 2008. 52. Telephone interview with Member State Official, Brussels-Vienna, 16 May 2008. 53. Telephone interview with former high-ranking Member State Official, Brussels-Warsaw, 19 May 2008. 54. A. Rettman, ‘Baltic States Agree to Build Nuclear Reactor’, EU Observer (Brussels), 27 Feb. 2006. 55. Council, Preparation of a Contribution of the Energy Ministers to the 2006 Spring European Council, Council Doc. 6143/06, 13 Feb. 2006 (Brussels: Council of the EU 2006). 56. Telephone interview with former high-ranking Member State Official, Brussels-Warsaw, 19 May 2008. 57. Council, Contribution of the Energy Ministers to the 2006 Spring European Council, Council Doc. 7181/06, 9 March 2006 (Brussels: Council of the EU 2006). 58. Council, Press Release: 2717th Council Meeting, Transport, Telecommunications, Energy, Council Doc. 7009/06, 14 March 2006 (Brussels: Council of the EU 2006). 59. Interview with former high-ranking Member State Official, Brussels, 30 June 2008. 60. Council, Draft Conclusions, European Council, 23–24 March 2006, Council Doc. 7509/06, 17 March 2006 (Brussels: Council of the EU 2006). 61. Polish Ministry of the Economy, Stanowisko Rzadu do Zielonej Ksiegi: Europejska strategia na rzecz zrównowazonej, konkurencyjnej i bezpiecznej energii (Warsaw: Polish Ministry of the Economy 2006). 62. ‘Merkel, Barroso Say ‘Not Acceptable’ to Halt Energy Deliveries Without Consultations’, International Herald Tribune, 9 Jan. 2007. 63. M. A. Cichocki, ‘Reform of the European Union. The Polish Perspective. Executive Summary’, forum natolinskie 1/9 (2007). 64. Interview with former high-ranking Member State Official, Warsaw, 20 Dec. 2007. 65. Telephone interview with Member State Official, Brussels-Berlin, 6 May 2008. 66. Interview with Member State Official, Warsaw, 13 Dec. 2007. 67. Interview with former high-ranking Member State Official, Warsaw, 20 Dec. 2007. 68. The respective references in the consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union are found in Articles 122 and 194. 69. R. Sikorski, Informacja Ministra Spraw Zagranicznych na temat polityki zagranicznej RP w 2008 roku, 7 May 2008 (Warsaw: Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008). 70. Council, Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Natural Gas and repealing Directive 2003/55/EC (Brussels: Council of the EU 2009). 71. Telephone interview with Member State Official, Brussels-Berlin, 6 May 2008. 72. Commission, Second Strategic Energy Review. An EU Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan, COM 2008 781 final (Brussels: European Commission 2008). 73. Commission, Communication on the Directive 2004/67/EC (note 24). 74. Commission, Gas Coordination Group: Solidarity Works and the EU's Gas Market Adapts to Challenges of Gas Crisis, Press release, IP/09/75, 19 Jan. 2009 (Brussels 2009). 75. S. Pirani, J. Stern, and K. Yafimava, The Russo-Ukrainian Gas Dispute of January 2009: A Comprehensive Assessment, Working Paper (Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 2009). 76. Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning Measures to Safeguard Security of Gas Supply and Repealing Directive 2004/67/EC, Brussels, 16 July 2009, COM 2009 363 final (Brussels: European Commission 2009). 77. Summary of the Hearing of Günther Oettinger - Energy, EP Press Release, 14 Jan. 2010 (Brussels: European Parliament 2009). 78. PGNiG, PGNiG SA and OAO GAZPROM Agreed on Terms of Cooperation, PGNiG Press Release, 30 Oct. 2009 (Warsaw: PGNiG 2009)." @default.
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• W2040619462 title "Poland as a Policy Entrepreneur in European External Energy Policy: Towards Greater Energy Solidarity vis-à-vis Russia?" @default.
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