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- W2040854559 abstract "> I'll imitate the pities of old surgeons> > To this lost limb, who ere they show their art> > Cast one asleep, then cut the diseased part.> > Thomas Middleton (1570-1627), Women beware Women Before the advent of general anaesthesia, it is generally believed, a patient undergoing an operation could have expected little in the way of support other than from the bottle or from an ability to “bite the bullet.” But there is compelling evidence of an earlier age of anaesthesia. Descriptions of anaesthetics based on mixtures of medicinal herbs have been found in manuscripts dating from before Roman times until well into the Middle Ages. Most originated in regions of southern Europe where the relevant herbs grew naturally. A typical one, dated 800 AD, from the Benedictine monastery at Monte Cassino in southern Italy, used a mixture of opium, henbane, mulberry juice, lettuce, hemlock, mandragora, and ivy.1There is no evidence to suggest that similar recipes existed in the British Isles at that time.2 However, in 1992, an extensive study succeeded in identifying a large number of similar recipes in late medieval (12th-15th century) English manuscripts.3 All identified the anaesthetic, a drink, by the name dwale. A typical manuscript (fig 1), translated into modern English, reads:#### Summary pointsAlthough general anaesthesia is little more than 150 years old, the use of medicinal herbs to render patients unconscious before surgery goes back to Roman timesRecent studies have identified a large number of recipes for a herbal anaesthetic known as dwale, written in medieval EnglishThese include two groups of ingredients, the harmless and ineffectual—bile, lettuce, vinegar, and bryony root—and the powerful and dangerous—hemlock, opium, and henbaneIn spite of its dangers, dwale was widely known about, and would have been administered by ordinary housewives, caring for loved ones“How to …" @default.
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- W2040854559 date "1999-12-18" @default.
- W2040854559 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W2040854559 title "Dwale: an anaesthetic from old England" @default.
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- W2040854559 doi "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1623" @default.
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