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- W2040864090 abstract "At the midblastula transition (MBT) during Xenopus laevis development, zygotic transcription begins [[1]Newport J Kirschner M A major developmental transition in early Xenopus embryos: I. Characterization and timing of cellular changes at the midblastula stage.Cell. 1982; 30: 675-686Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1162) Google Scholar], and the rapid, early cleavage cycles are replaced by cell-division cycles that lengthen and acquire G (gap) phases [[2]Frederick DL Andrews MT Cell cycle remodeling requires cell-cell interactions in developing Xenopus embryos.J Exp Zool. 1994; 270 (95081767): 410-416Crossref PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar] and checkpoints [3Sible JC Anderson JA Lewellyn AL Maller JL Zygotic transcription is required to block a maternal program of apoptosis in Xenopus embryos.Dev Biol. 1997; 189 (97446078): 335-346Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar, 4Anderson JA Lewellyn AL Maller JL Ionizing radiation induces apoptosis and elevates cyclin A1-Cdk2 activity prior to but not after the midblastula transition in Xenopus.Mol Biol Cell. 1997; 8 (97387468): 1195-1206Crossref PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar, 5Newport J Dasso M On the coupling between DNA replication and mitosis.J Cell Sci Suppl. 1989; 12 (90250111): 149-160Crossref PubMed Google Scholar]. This cell-cycle remodeling may result from either a loss of maternal products, the transcription of zygotic genes, or the replacement of maternal proteins by zygotic gene products. We have identified an example of the third possibility: distinct maternal and zygotic genes encoding a member of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) protein family. The mcm genes were identified in yeast by mutations that blocked replication of artificial chromosomes or perturbed the G1/S transition in the cell cycle [6Moir D Stewart SE Osmond BC Botstein D Cold-sensitive cell division cycle mutants of yeast: isolation, properties and pseudoreversion studies.Genetics. 1982; 100 (83004903): 547-563Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 7Maine GT Sinha P Tye B-K Mutants of S. cerevisiae defective in the maintenance of minichromosomes.Genetics. 1984; 106: 365-385Crossref PubMed Google Scholar]. In Xenopus eggs, the MCM2–MCM7 proteins assemble as multimeric complexes at chromosomal origins of replication [8Chong JPJ Mahbubani HM Khoo C-Y Blow JJ Purification of an MCM-containing complex as a component of the DNA replicaton licensing system.Nature. 1995; 375 (95281057): 418-421Crossref PubMed Scopus (307) Google Scholar, 9Madine MA Khoo C-Y Mills AD Laskey RA MCM3 complex required for cell cycle regulation of DNA replication in vertebrate cells.Nature. 1995; 375 (95281058): 421-424Crossref PubMed Scopus (229) Google Scholar, 10Miyake S Saito I Kobayashi H Yamashita S Identification of two Xenopus laevis genes, xMCM2 and xCDC46, with sequence homology to MCM genes involved in DNA replication.Gene. 1996; 175 (97074651): 71-75Crossref PubMed Scopus (10) Google Scholar, 11Hendrickson M Madine M Dalton S Gautier J Phosphorylation of MCM4 by cdc2 protein kinase inhibits the activity of the minichromosome maintenance complex.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996; 93 (97057222): 12223-12228Crossref PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar, 12Coue M Kearsey SE Mechali M Chromatin binding, nuclear localization and phosphorylation of Xenopus cdc21 are cell-cycle dependent and associated with control of initiation of DNA replication.EMBO J. 1996; 15 (96183193): 1085-1097Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar, 13Romanowski P Madine MA Laskey RA MCM7, a novel member of the Xenopus MCM family, interacts with XMCM3 and colocalizes with it throughout replication.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996; 93: 10189-10194Crossref PubMed Scopus (72) Google Scholar, 14Kubota Y Mimura S Nishimoto S Masuda T Nojima H Takisawa H Licensing of DNA replication by a multi-protein complex of MCM/P1 proteins in Xenopus eggs.EMBO J. 1997; 16 (97357318): 3320-3331Crossref PubMed Scopus (93) Google Scholar]. The sequential, cell-cycle-dependent assembly of the origin replication complex (ORC), CDC6 protein and the MCM complex at origins of replication ensures that DNA replicates only once per cell cycle [15Rowles A Chong JPJ Brown L Howell M Evan GI Blow JJ Interaction between the origin recognition complex and the replication licensing system in Xenopus.Cell. 1996; 87 (97015084): 287-296Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (214) Google Scholar, 16Coleman TR Carpenter PB Dunphy WB The Xenopus Cdc6 protein is essential for the initiation of a single round of DNA replication in cell-free extracts.Cell. 1996; 87: 53-63Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (327) Google Scholar]. The periodic association of the MCM complex with chromatin may be regulated via phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) [[11]Hendrickson M Madine M Dalton S Gautier J Phosphorylation of MCM4 by cdc2 protein kinase inhibits the activity of the minichromosome maintenance complex.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996; 93 (97057222): 12223-12228Crossref PubMed Scopus (102) Google Scholar]. We have cloned the first example of a developmentally regulated mcm gene, zygotic mcm6 (zmcm6), expressed only after gastrulation when the cell cycle is remodeled. The zMCM6 protein assembles into MCM complexes and differs from maternal MCM6 (mMCM6) in having a carboxy-terminal extension and a consensus cyclin–Cdk phosphorylation site. There may also be maternal–zygotic pairs of other MCMs. These data suggest that MCMs are critical for cell-cycle remodeling during early Xenopus development." @default.
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- W2040864090 title "Developmental regulation of MCM replication factors in Xenopus laevis" @default.
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