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• W2040893336 abstract "To the Editor:Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is typically classified as CRS with or without nasal polyps (NPs). In Western populations, patients with either type of CRS are predisposed to develop asthma; this observation has led the concept of the “united airway,” in which asthma and rhinitis are linked as part of the same disease process. Asthma has been reported to occur in 20% to 31.9% of patients with CRS.1Jani A. Hamilos D. Current thinking on the relationship between rhinosinusitis and asthma.J Asthma. 2005; 42: 1-7Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 2Kountakis S.E. Arango P. Bradley D. Wade Z.K. Borish L. Molecular and cellular staging for the severity of chronic rhinosinusitis.Laryngoscope. 2004; 114: 1895-1905Crossref PubMed Scopus (159) Google Scholar However, these rates might differ in developing countries compared with Western populations; China and other developing countries have a lower prevalence of atopy and asthma.3Zhong N.S. Chen R.C. O-yang M. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in young students of southern China: relation to respiratory symptoms, diagnosed asthma, and risk factors.Thorax. 1990; 45: 860-865Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar There have been few studies into the relationship between CRS and asthma in Chinese populations.We therefore studied data from 4 groups of patients with CRS and asthma in southern China (Table 1; see this article's Table E1 in the Online Repository at www.jacionline.org; see the Methods section in the Online Repository for details of inclusion criteria). Group I was a prospective study of patients with CRS for concomitant asthma, allergy, and local eosinophilia (n = 200). Group II was a retrospective review of case files from patients with CRS who required surgery (n = 1374). Group III was a retrospective mail/telephone study of asthma progression in patients with CRS (n = 1401). Group IV was a retrospective survey of rhinopathy and systemic eosinophilia in patients with asthma (n = 200). We analyzed the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of all patients and determined the major factors associated with the development of asthma. This study was approved by the medical ethics committee and the clinical research committee of 3 participating hospitals.Table IThe sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with CRSPatients in group IPatients in group IIPatients in group IIICharacteristicCRS with asthmaCRS without asthmaCRS with asthmaCRS without asthmaCRS with asthmaCRS without asthmaSubjects (n)6194361338281373Age (y), mean ± SD34.5 ± 16.437.2 ± 11.826.7 ± 14.529.5 ± 17.132.7 ± 21.229.9 ± 20.1Duration (y), mean ± SD6.4 ± 5.25.8 ± 5.610.3 ± 5.68.4 ± 4.29.1 ± 8.411.1 ± 5.5Sex Male41072283017962 Female2871450811411Smoking status (%) Nonsmoking31252065513843 Smoking3691668315530∗Significant differences between patients with CRS with and without asthma.Atopic status (%)6 (100)74 (38.1)31 (86.1)505 (36.8)UAUA∗Significant differences between patients with CRS with and without asthma.Tissue eosinophils (/HPF), mean ± SD12.9 ± 4.22.9 ± 1.1UAUAUAUA∗Significant differences between patients with CRS with and without asthma.Blood eosinophils (109/L), mean ± SD0.24 ± 0.040.10 ± 0.020.26 ± 0.030.09 ± 0.01UAUAPulmonary function tests, mean ± SD PEF pre-BD (L/min)371 ± 65UA379 ± 87UAUAUA PEF post-BD (L/min)430 ± 74UA435 ± 94UAUAUA FEV1 pre-BD (L)2.6 ± 0.7UA2.6 ± 0.8UAUAUA FEV1 pre-BD (% predicted)86 ± 14UA84 ± 11UAUAUA FEV1 post-BD (L)3.0 ± 0.9UA3.1 ± 0.5UAUAUA FEV1% change after BD10 ± 12UA11 ± 15UAUAUABD, Bronchodilator; HPF, high-power field; PEF, peak expiratory flow; UA, unavailable.Group I: patients with CRS for prospective study (n = 200); group II: patients with CRS for retrospective study (n = 1374); group III: patients with CRS for survey study for asthma progression (n = 1401).∗ Significant differences between patients with CRS with and without asthma. Open table in a new tab In group I, the incidence of asthma was only 3% (6 cases), although 4 patients had airway hyperresponsiveness and suspected asthma. Forty percent (80 cases) had positive results in tests for atopy; the incidence of peripheral blood eosinophilia was 6% (12 cases), and the incidence of tissue eosinophilia was 21% (42 cases). The incidence of atopy and numbers of peripheral blood and tissue eosinophils were significantly higher among the patients with asthma than without (P < .05; Fig 1, A and B; see this article's Fig E1 in the Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). In group II, 36 of 1374 patients with CRS (2.6%) were diagnosed with asthma. The incidence of peripheral blood eosinophilia was 7.4%, and 536 cases (39.0%) tested positive for atopy. The incidence of atopy and number of peripheral blood eosinophils among patients with asthma were significantly higher than those without asthma (P < .05; Fig 1, B and C). In group III, 28 patients (2.0%) were found to have asthma by review of medical records; of these patients, 17 underwent remission, and 11 still had asthma after several (6-15) years. Interestingly, 22 patients (1.1%) had newly developed asthma, determined by a mail or telephone surveys. The incidences of asthma did not differ significantly among patients with CRS in groups I, II, or III, indicating there was no heterogeneity among these populations (Fig 1, D).In group IV, there 12 cases of CRS (6%) among the 200 patients with asthma; 8 patients with CRS had NP, and 4 of these had histories of surgery. The incidence of atopy and numbers of peripheral blood eosinophils among patients with CRS were higher than those of patients without CRS, but the difference was not significant (P > .05, see this article's Fig E2, Fig E3 in the Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). In addition, 21% of patients with asthma had allergic rhinitis.In these groups, the prevalence of asthma among patients with CRS (around 2% to 3%) was lower than in Western populations. This difference might result from distinct immunopathologic characteristics of CRS in Chinese patients, specifically from lower levels of eosinophilic inflammation.4Zhang N. Van Zele T. Perez-Novo C. Van Bruaene N. Hoptappels G. DeRuyck N. et al.Different types of T-effector cells orchestrate mucosal inflammation in chronic sinus disease.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 122: 961-968Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (468) Google Scholar, 5Cao P.P. Li H.B. Wang B.F. Wang S.B. You X.J. Cui Y.H. et al.Distinct immunopathologic characteristics of various types of chronic rhinosinusitis in adult Chinese.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009; 124 (484.e1-2): 478-484Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (425) Google Scholar, 6Shi J. Fan Y. Xu R. Zuo K. Cheng L. Xu G. et al.Characterizing T-cell phenotypes in nasal polyposis in Chinese patients.J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2009; 19: 276-282PubMed Google Scholar, 7Hao J. Pan Y. Wang D.Y. Diffuse mucosal inflammation in nasal polyps and adjacent middle turbinate.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006; 134: 267-275Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar In analyzing the clinical characteristics in different subgroups of the CRS population, we found that the incidence of atopy and numbers of peripheral blood and tissue eosinophils in patients with asthma were significantly higher than those of patients without asthma. This is preliminary evidence that lower levels of tissue and blood eosinophilia in Chinese patients with CRS might account for a lower prevalence of asthma. Further studies, such as a regression analysis in a larger cohort of Chinese patients with CRS, should be performed to better determine asthma risk and factors that contribute to asthma.8Han D.H. Kim S.W. Cho S.H. Kim D.Y. Lee C.H. Kim S.S. et al.Predictors of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.Allergy. 2009; 64: 118-122Crossref PubMed Scopus (21) Google ScholarWe conclude that Chinese patients with CRS have a low level of asthma comorbidity compared with Western populations. Further studies of the mechanisms of CRS and factors that contribute to asthma could improve management of the united airway. To the Editor: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is typically classified as CRS with or without nasal polyps (NPs). In Western populations, patients with either type of CRS are predisposed to develop asthma; this observation has led the concept of the “united airway,” in which asthma and rhinitis are linked as part of the same disease process. Asthma has been reported to occur in 20% to 31.9% of patients with CRS.1Jani A. Hamilos D. Current thinking on the relationship between rhinosinusitis and asthma.J Asthma. 2005; 42: 1-7Crossref PubMed Scopus (59) Google Scholar, 2Kountakis S.E. Arango P. Bradley D. Wade Z.K. Borish L. Molecular and cellular staging for the severity of chronic rhinosinusitis.Laryngoscope. 2004; 114: 1895-1905Crossref PubMed Scopus (159) Google Scholar However, these rates might differ in developing countries compared with Western populations; China and other developing countries have a lower prevalence of atopy and asthma.3Zhong N.S. Chen R.C. O-yang M. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in young students of southern China: relation to respiratory symptoms, diagnosed asthma, and risk factors.Thorax. 1990; 45: 860-865Crossref PubMed Scopus (57) Google Scholar There have been few studies into the relationship between CRS and asthma in Chinese populations. We therefore studied data from 4 groups of patients with CRS and asthma in southern China (Table 1; see this article's Table E1 in the Online Repository at www.jacionline.org; see the Methods section in the Online Repository for details of inclusion criteria). Group I was a prospective study of patients with CRS for concomitant asthma, allergy, and local eosinophilia (n = 200). Group II was a retrospective review of case files from patients with CRS who required surgery (n = 1374). Group III was a retrospective mail/telephone study of asthma progression in patients with CRS (n = 1401). Group IV was a retrospective survey of rhinopathy and systemic eosinophilia in patients with asthma (n = 200). We analyzed the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of all patients and determined the major factors associated with the development of asthma. This study was approved by the medical ethics committee and the clinical research committee of 3 participating hospitals. BD, Bronchodilator; HPF, high-power field; PEF, peak expiratory flow; UA, unavailable. Group I: patients with CRS for prospective study (n = 200); group II: patients with CRS for retrospective study (n = 1374); group III: patients with CRS for survey study for asthma progression (n = 1401). In group I, the incidence of asthma was only 3% (6 cases), although 4 patients had airway hyperresponsiveness and suspected asthma. Forty percent (80 cases) had positive results in tests for atopy; the incidence of peripheral blood eosinophilia was 6% (12 cases), and the incidence of tissue eosinophilia was 21% (42 cases). The incidence of atopy and numbers of peripheral blood and tissue eosinophils were significantly higher among the patients with asthma than without (P < .05; Fig 1, A and B; see this article's Fig E1 in the Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). In group II, 36 of 1374 patients with CRS (2.6%) were diagnosed with asthma. The incidence of peripheral blood eosinophilia was 7.4%, and 536 cases (39.0%) tested positive for atopy. The incidence of atopy and number of peripheral blood eosinophils among patients with asthma were significantly higher than those without asthma (P < .05; Fig 1, B and C). In group III, 28 patients (2.0%) were found to have asthma by review of medical records; of these patients, 17 underwent remission, and 11 still had asthma after several (6-15) years. Interestingly, 22 patients (1.1%) had newly developed asthma, determined by a mail or telephone surveys. The incidences of asthma did not differ significantly among patients with CRS in groups I, II, or III, indicating there was no heterogeneity among these populations (Fig 1, D). In group IV, there 12 cases of CRS (6%) among the 200 patients with asthma; 8 patients with CRS had NP, and 4 of these had histories of surgery. The incidence of atopy and numbers of peripheral blood eosinophils among patients with CRS were higher than those of patients without CRS, but the difference was not significant (P > .05, see this article's Fig E2, Fig E3 in the Online Repository at www.jacionline.org). In addition, 21% of patients with asthma had allergic rhinitis. In these groups, the prevalence of asthma among patients with CRS (around 2% to 3%) was lower than in Western populations. This difference might result from distinct immunopathologic characteristics of CRS in Chinese patients, specifically from lower levels of eosinophilic inflammation.4Zhang N. Van Zele T. Perez-Novo C. Van Bruaene N. Hoptappels G. DeRuyck N. et al.Different types of T-effector cells orchestrate mucosal inflammation in chronic sinus disease.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008; 122: 961-968Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (468) Google Scholar, 5Cao P.P. Li H.B. Wang B.F. Wang S.B. You X.J. Cui Y.H. et al.Distinct immunopathologic characteristics of various types of chronic rhinosinusitis in adult Chinese.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009; 124 (484.e1-2): 478-484Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (425) Google Scholar, 6Shi J. Fan Y. Xu R. Zuo K. Cheng L. Xu G. et al.Characterizing T-cell phenotypes in nasal polyposis in Chinese patients.J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2009; 19: 276-282PubMed Google Scholar, 7Hao J. Pan Y. Wang D.Y. Diffuse mucosal inflammation in nasal polyps and adjacent middle turbinate.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006; 134: 267-275Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar In analyzing the clinical characteristics in different subgroups of the CRS population, we found that the incidence of atopy and numbers of peripheral blood and tissue eosinophils in patients with asthma were significantly higher than those of patients without asthma. This is preliminary evidence that lower levels of tissue and blood eosinophilia in Chinese patients with CRS might account for a lower prevalence of asthma. Further studies, such as a regression analysis in a larger cohort of Chinese patients with CRS, should be performed to better determine asthma risk and factors that contribute to asthma.8Han D.H. Kim S.W. Cho S.H. Kim D.Y. Lee C.H. Kim S.S. et al.Predictors of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.Allergy. 2009; 64: 118-122Crossref PubMed Scopus (21) Google Scholar We conclude that Chinese patients with CRS have a low level of asthma comorbidity compared with Western populations. Further studies of the mechanisms of CRS and factors that contribute to asthma could improve management of the united airway. MethodsPatient dataThis study analyzed data from 4 groups of patients with CRS (with or without nasal polyps) or asthma. Group I included data from a prospective investigation of 200 patients with CRS for concomitant asthma, allergy, and local eosinophilia; patients were enrolled from March 2005 to February 2007. Group II included data from a retrospective review of case files from 1374 patients with CRS who required surgery; patients were enrolled from October 2003 to February 2005. Group III included data from a retrospective study of asthma progression in 1401 patients with CRS; patients were surveyed by mail or telephone and enrolled from April 1994 to September 2003. Group IV included data from a retrospective survey of 200 patients with asthma about rhinopathy and systemic eosinophilia; patients were enrolled from January 2002 to September 2008.Patients were determined to have CRS on the basis of medical histories and endoscopic and radiographic criteria. CRS without NP was defined as continuous symptoms of rhinosinusitis for more than 12 consecutive weeks and computed tomography analysis of the sinuses that revealed isolated or diffuse sinus mucosal thickening and/or air fluid levels. CRS with NP was defined by endoscopy findings of bilateral polyps originating from the middle meatus and/or confirmation of NP by computerized tomography. In all 4 groups, asthma was defined by a history of recurrent dyspnea, wheezing or cough episodes, positive results in airway reversibility tests (FEV1 increasing ≥12% and reaching 200 mL after inhalation of 400 μg of salbutamol), or positive results in airway responsiveness tests (FEV1 decreasing ≥20% when a cumulative dose of histamine ≤7.8 μmol was administered), confirmed by a physician. In group III, “newly developed asthma” was defined by a positive answer to the questions, “Have you started to suffer from recurrent dyspnea, wheezing, or cough episodes?” and “Was asthma confirmed by a doctor?” In group IV, allergic rhinitis was defined as having atopy and a history of nasal symptoms (sneezing, itching, and so forth).MeasurementsThe pulmonary function test was performed by using a Jaeger MS diffusion lung function device and aerosol activation system (Erich Jaeger GmbH, Friedberg, Germany). The main examination indices included FEV1, forced vital capacity, and the ratio of FEV1:forced vital capacity. Patients were asked to follow standard operating procedures developed by the American Thoracic Society. Peak expiratory flow was determined after deep inspiration by using peak expiratory flow meters (Micro Medical, Chatham, United Kingdom).Eosinophil numbers in venous blood were measured with a standard automated cell counter; total eosinophil counts were calculated. Peripheral blood eosinophilia was defined as more than 0.5 × 109/L. Tissue eosinophil counts in specimens were analyzed by using an Olympus CX-40 microscope (Olympus Optical Co, Tokyo, Japan). All specimens were first stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The number of eosinophils was then counted in 10 separate high-power fields (×400 magnification) per specimen; the average numbers of eosinophils per high-power field were calculated. Eosinophilia was defined as more than 5 eosinophils/high-power field.Total serum IgE and IgEs specific for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (house dust mite), cat, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, birch, Parietaria judaica, olives, and common ragweed were measured by using the UniCAP system (Phadia, Uppsala, Sweden). Specific IgE values of 0.35 kIU/L or more were considered to be positive.Statistical analysesDescriptive statistics (means and SDs) were used to describe the population. A χ2 test or Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables; t tests were used for continuous variables with 2 groups. A P value less than .05 was considered to be significant. Patient dataThis study analyzed data from 4 groups of patients with CRS (with or without nasal polyps) or asthma. Group I included data from a prospective investigation of 200 patients with CRS for concomitant asthma, allergy, and local eosinophilia; patients were enrolled from March 2005 to February 2007. Group II included data from a retrospective review of case files from 1374 patients with CRS who required surgery; patients were enrolled from October 2003 to February 2005. Group III included data from a retrospective study of asthma progression in 1401 patients with CRS; patients were surveyed by mail or telephone and enrolled from April 1994 to September 2003. Group IV included data from a retrospective survey of 200 patients with asthma about rhinopathy and systemic eosinophilia; patients were enrolled from January 2002 to September 2008.Patients were determined to have CRS on the basis of medical histories and endoscopic and radiographic criteria. CRS without NP was defined as continuous symptoms of rhinosinusitis for more than 12 consecutive weeks and computed tomography analysis of the sinuses that revealed isolated or diffuse sinus mucosal thickening and/or air fluid levels. CRS with NP was defined by endoscopy findings of bilateral polyps originating from the middle meatus and/or confirmation of NP by computerized tomography. In all 4 groups, asthma was defined by a history of recurrent dyspnea, wheezing or cough episodes, positive results in airway reversibility tests (FEV1 increasing ≥12% and reaching 200 mL after inhalation of 400 μg of salbutamol), or positive results in airway responsiveness tests (FEV1 decreasing ≥20% when a cumulative dose of histamine ≤7.8 μmol was administered), confirmed by a physician. In group III, “newly developed asthma” was defined by a positive answer to the questions, “Have you started to suffer from recurrent dyspnea, wheezing, or cough episodes?” and “Was asthma confirmed by a doctor?” In group IV, allergic rhinitis was defined as having atopy and a history of nasal symptoms (sneezing, itching, and so forth). This study analyzed data from 4 groups of patients with CRS (with or without nasal polyps) or asthma. Group I included data from a prospective investigation of 200 patients with CRS for concomitant asthma, allergy, and local eosinophilia; patients were enrolled from March 2005 to February 2007. Group II included data from a retrospective review of case files from 1374 patients with CRS who required surgery; patients were enrolled from October 2003 to February 2005. Group III included data from a retrospective study of asthma progression in 1401 patients with CRS; patients were surveyed by mail or telephone and enrolled from April 1994 to September 2003. Group IV included data from a retrospective survey of 200 patients with asthma about rhinopathy and systemic eosinophilia; patients were enrolled from January 2002 to September 2008. Patients were determined to have CRS on the basis of medical histories and endoscopic and radiographic criteria. CRS without NP was defined as continuous symptoms of rhinosinusitis for more than 12 consecutive weeks and computed tomography analysis of the sinuses that revealed isolated or diffuse sinus mucosal thickening and/or air fluid levels. CRS with NP was defined by endoscopy findings of bilateral polyps originating from the middle meatus and/or confirmation of NP by computerized tomography. In all 4 groups, asthma was defined by a history of recurrent dyspnea, wheezing or cough episodes, positive results in airway reversibility tests (FEV1 increasing ≥12% and reaching 200 mL after inhalation of 400 μg of salbutamol), or positive results in airway responsiveness tests (FEV1 decreasing ≥20% when a cumulative dose of histamine ≤7.8 μmol was administered), confirmed by a physician. In group III, “newly developed asthma” was defined by a positive answer to the questions, “Have you started to suffer from recurrent dyspnea, wheezing, or cough episodes?” and “Was asthma confirmed by a doctor?” In group IV, allergic rhinitis was defined as having atopy and a history of nasal symptoms (sneezing, itching, and so forth). MeasurementsThe pulmonary function test was performed by using a Jaeger MS diffusion lung function device and aerosol activation system (Erich Jaeger GmbH, Friedberg, Germany). The main examination indices included FEV1, forced vital capacity, and the ratio of FEV1:forced vital capacity. Patients were asked to follow standard operating procedures developed by the American Thoracic Society. Peak expiratory flow was determined after deep inspiration by using peak expiratory flow meters (Micro Medical, Chatham, United Kingdom).Eosinophil numbers in venous blood were measured with a standard automated cell counter; total eosinophil counts were calculated. Peripheral blood eosinophilia was defined as more than 0.5 × 109/L. Tissue eosinophil counts in specimens were analyzed by using an Olympus CX-40 microscope (Olympus Optical Co, Tokyo, Japan). All specimens were first stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The number of eosinophils was then counted in 10 separate high-power fields (×400 magnification) per specimen; the average numbers of eosinophils per high-power field were calculated. Eosinophilia was defined as more than 5 eosinophils/high-power field.Total serum IgE and IgEs specific for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (house dust mite), cat, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, birch, Parietaria judaica, olives, and common ragweed were measured by using the UniCAP system (Phadia, Uppsala, Sweden). Specific IgE values of 0.35 kIU/L or more were considered to be positive. The pulmonary function test was performed by using a Jaeger MS diffusion lung function device and aerosol activation system (Erich Jaeger GmbH, Friedberg, Germany). The main examination indices included FEV1, forced vital capacity, and the ratio of FEV1:forced vital capacity. Patients were asked to follow standard operating procedures developed by the American Thoracic Society. Peak expiratory flow was determined after deep inspiration by using peak expiratory flow meters (Micro Medical, Chatham, United Kingdom). Eosinophil numbers in venous blood were measured with a standard automated cell counter; total eosinophil counts were calculated. Peripheral blood eosinophilia was defined as more than 0.5 × 109/L. Tissue eosinophil counts in specimens were analyzed by using an Olympus CX-40 microscope (Olympus Optical Co, Tokyo, Japan). All specimens were first stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The number of eosinophils was then counted in 10 separate high-power fields (×400 magnification) per specimen; the average numbers of eosinophils per high-power field were calculated. Eosinophilia was defined as more than 5 eosinophils/high-power field. Total serum IgE and IgEs specific for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (house dust mite), cat, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, birch, Parietaria judaica, olives, and common ragweed were measured by using the UniCAP system (Phadia, Uppsala, Sweden). Specific IgE values of 0.35 kIU/L or more were considered to be positive. Statistical analysesDescriptive statistics (means and SDs) were used to describe the population. A χ2 test or Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables; t tests were used for continuous variables with 2 groups. A P value less than .05 was considered to be significant. Descriptive statistics (means and SDs) were used to describe the population. A χ2 test or Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables; t tests were used for continuous variables with 2 groups. A P value less than .05 was considered to be significant. Fig E1. Fig E2. Fig E3. Table E1. Tabled 1Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of asthma patients in the retrospective study (group IV)CharacteristicsAsthma with CRSAsthma without CRSN12188Age (y), mean ± SD48.5 ± 21.441.8 ± 19.7Duration (y), mean ± SD8.4 ± 7.25.5 ± 4.9Sex Male7111 Female577Smoking status (%) Nonsmoking459 Smoking8129Atopic status, positive, n (%)6 (50)85 (45.2)Blood eosinophils (109/L)0.23 ± 0.060.22 ± 0.05Pulmonary function tests, mean ± SD PEF pre-BD (L/min)378 ± 95365 ± 88 PEF post-BD (L/min)441 ± 69430 ± 81 FEV1 pre-BD (L)2.6 ± 0.42.5 ± 0.5 FEV1 pre-BD (% predicated)88 ± 1184 ± 12 FEV1 post-BD (L)3.0 ± 0.63.1 ± 0.4 FEV1% change after BD13 ± 1615 ± 17BD, Bronchodilator; PEF, peak expiratory flow. Open table in a new tab BD, Bronchodilator; PEF, peak expiratory flow." @default.
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• W2040893336 title "A lower prevalence of asthma among patients with chronic rhinosinusitis in southern China" @default.
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