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- W2041039669 abstract "The Birdsong Shale member of the Ross Formation (Lower Devonian, Western Tennessee, USA) is a mixed siliciclastic‐carbonate sequence that accumulated on a shallow‐water platform. Terrigenous mud was supplied by storm systems crossing the shelf from offshore. A PC‐compatible digitizing program has been developed that allows recording and statistical analysis of host taxa for epibiont associations, distribution and aerial coverage of epibionts on hosts, growth directions of colonial epibionts, and orientations on hosts. This program, together with standard SAS statistical programs, permits analysis for preferential orientation of epibionts on hosts, comparisons of epibiont assemblages on unlike hosts, and analysis of species‐specific associations among epibionts and between hosts and epibionts. The program was applied to 371 digitized specimens of macroinvertebrates from the Birdsong to identify the range of biotic associations and to target certain associations for later detailed study. Preliminary analysis of the epizoans of the Birdsong indicate that, although numerically abundant, they do not show abundant obvious biotic interactions. Most associations with hosts were post‐mortem encrustations, but the encrusters were responsive to substrate conditions. Competitive biotic interactions are not well represented. Instead, the epibionts of the Birdsong are characterized by small discrete colonies suggesting that the epibionts avoided contact with other possible substrate competitors by remaining small. This is in contrast to modern epibionts, which show a considerable range of competitive behaviors to dominate substrata. Facultative associations occur with some hosts in the Birdsong. In particular, the spiriferid brachiopod Macropleura macropleura is commonly encrusted by the annelid worm Spirorbis laxus. Spirorbis laxus demonstrated a preference for living in the troughs between plications, where it was probably protected from currents and predation, and for avoiding the fold and sulcus region, which were probably lower in nutrient content and higher in waste products. This preference for location is not developed on hosts that lack the broad plicae that offered refuge to the worm. Colonial organisms show little preference for location or orientation; however, preferred growth directions are exhibited by colonies, most likely in response to local substrate conditions at the time of encrustation. Two recurrent associations occur that involve auloporid corals. The first occurs between Aulopora schohariae and the bryozoan Leioclema. Two forms are present; A. schohahae colonies occur with only their corallites exposed in either ramose symbiotic growth forms or as encrustation to form small masses. This relationship was probably mutualistic with the bryozoan benefiting from a substrate, structural support, and the reduced need to develop monticules or maculae, while the coral benefited from structural support and current generated by the bryozoan zooids (McKinney et at. 1990). The other association, between auloporids and brachiopods, where it is not just simply a post‐mortem encrustation, occurs as a commensal association in which the auloporid grows to and along the commissure of the brachiopod to take advantage of the feeding currents generated by the brachiopod." @default.
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- W2041039669 date "1992-02-01" @default.
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- W2041039669 title "Some epibiont‐host and epibiont‐epibiont relationships from the birdsong shale member of the lower Devonian Ross formation (west‐central Tennessee, U.S.A.)" @default.
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- W2041039669 doi "https://doi.org/10.1080/10292389209380422" @default.
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