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- W2041654910 abstract "Abstract The Schiff differential for the angular distribution of bremsstrahlung is widely employed, but calculations involving composite materials (i.e. compounds and mixtures) are often undertaken in a somewhat ad hoc fashion. In this work, we suggest an alternative approach to power-law estimates of the effective atomic number utilising Seltzer and Berger’s combined approach in order to generate single-valued effective atomic numbers applicable over a large energy range (in the worst case deviation from constancy of about 2% between 10 keV and 1 GeV). Differences with power-law estimates of Z for composites are potentially significant, particularly for low-Z media such as biological or surrogate materials as relevant within the context of medical physics. As an example, soft tissue differs by >70% and cortical bone differs by >85%, while for high-Z composites such as a tungsten–rhenium alloy the difference is of the order of 1%. Use of the normalised Schiff formula for shape only does not exhibit strong Z dependence. Consequently, in such contexts the differences are negligible – the power-law approach overestimates the magnitude by 1.05% in the case of water and underestimates it by" @default.
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- W2041654910 date "2012-12-01" @default.
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- W2041654910 title "The Schiff angular bremsstrahlung distribution from composite media" @default.
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- W2041654910 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2012.10.004" @default.
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