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• W2041728941 abstract "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers can decrease hemoglobin, causing anemia and this may be an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease progression. We studied the relationship between a decline in hemoglobin and outcome in 1513 patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease by a post hoc analysis of the RENAAL Study (Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan) with an average follow-up of 3.4 years. The relationship between baseline and year-1 hemoglobin and treatment on end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and ESRD or death was evaluated using multivariate Cox models (covariates: baseline hemoglobin, proteinuria, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and year-1 hemoglobin). Compared with placebo, losartan treatment was associated with a significant decrease of hemoglobin, with the largest between-group difference at 1 year. After adjustment, there were significant relative risk reductions for losartan compared with placebo for ESRD and for ESRD or death regardless of the baseline hemoglobin even in those patients with a baseline hemoglobin below 120 g l−1. Hence, the renoprotective properties of losartan were maintained despite a significant lowering of the hemoglobin concentration. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers can decrease hemoglobin, causing anemia and this may be an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease progression. We studied the relationship between a decline in hemoglobin and outcome in 1513 patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease by a post hoc analysis of the RENAAL Study (Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan) with an average follow-up of 3.4 years. The relationship between baseline and year-1 hemoglobin and treatment on end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and ESRD or death was evaluated using multivariate Cox models (covariates: baseline hemoglobin, proteinuria, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and year-1 hemoglobin). Compared with placebo, losartan treatment was associated with a significant decrease of hemoglobin, with the largest between-group difference at 1 year. After adjustment, there were significant relative risk reductions for losartan compared with placebo for ESRD and for ESRD or death regardless of the baseline hemoglobin even in those patients with a baseline hemoglobin below 120 g l−1. Hence, the renoprotective properties of losartan were maintained despite a significant lowering of the hemoglobin concentration. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are renoprotective in diabetics with proteinuria and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and recommended as first-line treatment for patients with diabetes, hypertension, and microalbuminuria.1American Diabetes Association Standards of medical care in diabetes—2006.Diabetes Care. 2006; 29: S4-S42PubMed Google Scholar Both drug classes may reduce hemoglobin concentration in patients with hypertension or CKD;2Ersoy A. Kahvecioglu S. Ersoy C. et al.Anemia due to losartan in hypertensive renal transplant recipients without posttransplant erythrocytosis.Transplant Proc. 2005; 37: 2148-2150Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar, 3Marathias K.P. Agroyannis B. Mavromoustakos T. et al.Hematocrit-lowering effect following inactivation of renin–angiotensin system with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers.Curr Top Med Chem. 2004; 4: 483-486Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar, 4Ok E. Akcicek F. Toz H. et al.Comparison of the effects of enalapril and theophylline on polycythemia after renal transplantation.Transplantation. 1995; 59: 1623-1626Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 5Julian B.A. Brantley R.R. Barker C.V. et al.Losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, lowers hematocrit in posttransplant erythrocytosis.J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998; 9: 1104-1108PubMed Google Scholar reductions >10 g l−1 have been reported in pediatric, renal transplant, and hemodialysis populations.6Yorgin P.D. Belson A. Sanchez J. et al.Unexpectedly high prevalence of posttransplant anemia in pediatric and young adult renal transplant recipients.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 40: 1306-1318Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar, 7Ozbek N. Ozen S. Saatci U. Enalapril-induced anemia in a renal transplant patient.Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1997; 39: 626-627Crossref PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar, 8Onoyama K. Kumagai H. Takeda K. et al.Effects of human recombinant erythropoietin on anemia, systemic haemodynamics and renal function in predialysis renal failure patients.Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1989; 4: 966-970PubMed Google Scholar, 9Schwarzbeck A. Wittenmeier K.W. Hällfritzsch U. Anaemia in dialysis patients as a side-effect of sartanes.Lancet. 1998; 352: 286Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar, 10Sackey A.H. Anaemia after enalapril in a child with nephrotic syndrome.Lancet. 1998; 352: 285-286Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar The lowering of hemoglobin observed during treatment with ACEIs and ARBs may occur as early as 3 weeks after initiation of therapy, with nadir reported at 3 months, and is usually reversible after ACEI or ARB discontinuation.2Ersoy A. Kahvecioglu S. Ersoy C. et al.Anemia due to losartan in hypertensive renal transplant recipients without posttransplant erythrocytosis.Transplant Proc. 2005; 37: 2148-2150Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar, 3Marathias K.P. Agroyannis B. Mavromoustakos T. et al.Hematocrit-lowering effect following inactivation of renin–angiotensin system with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers.Curr Top Med Chem. 2004; 4: 483-486Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar, 4Ok E. Akcicek F. Toz H. et al.Comparison of the effects of enalapril and theophylline on polycythemia after renal transplantation.Transplantation. 1995; 59: 1623-1626Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar, 5Julian B.A. Brantley R.R. Barker C.V. et al.Losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, lowers hematocrit in posttransplant erythrocytosis.J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998; 9: 1104-1108PubMed Google Scholar The mechanism whereby ACEIs and ARBs cause anemia is at least in part related to blockade of erythropoietic effects of angiotensin II on red cell precursors and improved renal blood flow secondary to renal efferent vasodilation, which improves oxygenation.3Marathias K.P. Agroyannis B. Mavromoustakos T. et al.Hematocrit-lowering effect following inactivation of renin–angiotensin system with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers.Curr Top Med Chem. 2004; 4: 483-486Crossref PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar, 11Richmond R.S. Tallant E.A. Gallagher P.E. et al.Angiotensin II stimulates arachidonic acid release from bone marrow stromal cells.J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2004; 5: 176-182Crossref PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar, 12Le Meur Y. Aldigier J.C. Praloran V. Is plasma Ac-SDKP level a reliable marker of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in hypertensive patients?.Hypertension. 1998; 31: 1201-1202Crossref PubMed Scopus (4) Google Scholar, 13Mrug M. Stopka T. Julian B.A. et al.Angiotensin II stimulates proliferation of normal early erythroid progenitors.J Clin Invest. 1997; 100: 2310-2314Crossref PubMed Scopus (225) Google Scholar Several studies indicate that anemia may be a risk factor for progression of CKD. We reported that lower baseline hemoglobin concentration was associated with significant increase in risk for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (RENAAL) study.14Mohanram A. Zhang Z. Shahinfar S. et al.Anemia and end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.Kidney Int. 2004; 66: 1131-1138Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar In a randomized, controlled study of early versus late treatment for anemia in non-diabetic CKD patients, early treatment with erythropoietin slowed progression to a composite endpoint of doubling of serum creatinine, ESRD, or death.15Gouva C. Nikolopoulos P. Ioannidis J.P. et al.Treating anemia early in renal failure patients slows the decline of renal function: a randomized controlled trial.Kidney Int. 2004; 66: 753-760Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (367) Google Scholar In contrast, two recently published randomized, controlled trials in patients with CKD did not demonstrate beneficial outcomes of erythropoietin-stimulating agent therapy on ESRD.16Drüeke T.B. Locatelli F. Clyne N. et al.Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia.N Engl J Med. 2006; 355: 2071-2084Crossref PubMed Scopus (1781) Google Scholar,17Singh A.K. Szczech L. Tang K.L. et al.Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease.N Engl J Med. 2006; 355: 2085-2098Crossref PubMed Scopus (2273) Google Scholar Still, because anemia may be a risk factor for progression of CKD, there is concern that ACEI or ARB treatment may lower hemoglobin and thereby attenuate the renoprotective effects of these drugs. Therefore we sought to determine whether treatment with losartan was associated with significant and persistent reduction in hemoglobin concentration over time, and whether such reduction attenuates its renoprotective properties as measured by ESRD, the composite of ESRD or death, and proteinuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy in the RENAAL study. Baseline characteristics were summarized by baseline hemoglobin category and/or treatment group (Table 1). For combined treatment groups (data not shown), baseline hemoglobin <120 g l−1 group (mean 108 g l−1; n=499, 38.8%) compared with the ≥120 g l−1 group (mean 137 g l−1; n=788, 61.2%) included more females, Asians, blacks, and Hispanics, and fewer whites. Systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, serum creatinine (176.8 versus 159.1 μmol l−1, P<0.001), proteinuria (geometric mean urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) 1306.3 versus 1002.4 mg g−1, P<0.001), and phosphorus were higher and diastolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (35.3 versus 43.0 ml min 1.73 m−2, P<0.001), and serum albumin (37 versus 39 g l−1, P<0.001) were lower in the hemoglobin <120 g l−1 group. The losartan (n=648) and placebo (n=639) groups had similar baseline characteristics, including hemoglobin and proteinuria (Table 1, Table 2), even when divided into baseline hemoglobin <120 and ≥120 g l−1 categories (Table 1). Triglyceride levels were higher at baseline in the losartan group with hemoglobin <120 g l−1, and in the placebo group with hemoglobin ≥120 g l−1.Table 1Baseline characteristics for patients with hemoglobin measurements up to year 1Baseline Hb <120 g l−1 n=499Baseline Hb ≥120 g l−1 n=788Combined n=1287CharacteristicLosartan n=261Placebo n=238Losartan n=387Placebo n=401Losartan n=648Placebo n=639Age, years59.7 (7.5)59.3 (7.7)60.2 (7.1)61.0 (7.1)60.0 (7.7)60.4 (7.4)Male, n (%)102 (39.1)106 (44.5)297 (76.7)304 (75.8)399 (61.6)410 (64.2)Female, n (%)159 (60.9)132 (55.5)90 (23.3)97 (24.2)249 (38.4)229 (35.8)Race or ethnicity, n (%) Asian49 (18.8)48 (20.2)61 (15.8)64 (16.0)110 (17.0)112 (17.5) Black60 (23.0)48 (20.2)48 (12.4)44 (11.0)108 (16.7)92 (14.4) White91 (34.9)93 (39.1)210 (54.3)219 (54.6)301 (46.5)312 (48.8) Hispanic57 (21.8)47 (19.7)63 (16.3)70 (17.5)120 (18.5)117 (18.3) Other4 (1.5)2 (0.8)5 (1.3)4 (1.0)9 (1.4)6 (0.9)Systolic BP, mm Hg152.3 (19.9)154.9 (20.8)151.0 (17.7)151.2 (19.7)151.5 (18.6)152.6 (20.2)Diastolic BP, mm Hg79.7 (10.1)81.1 (10.9)83.8 (10.0)82.9 (10.6)82.2 (10.2)82.2 (10.7)UACR, mg g−1 (GM)2100.01972.51602.61519.71803.01688.3(1914.6)(1704.1)(1611.9)(1380.2)(1755.8)(1523.5)(1330.6)(1318.1)(1029.6)(996.9)(1142.7)(1106.2)Serum creatinine, μmol l−1175.6 (43.5)175.6 (44.8)155.4 (37.3)157.1 (39.5)163.5 (41.1)164.0 (42.5)eGFR, ml min−1 1.73 m−234.9 (11.0)35.8 (12.2)43.3 (11.4)42.8 (12.3)39.9 (12.0)40.2 (12.7)Triglycerides, mmol l−1 (GM*)2.3 (2.0)2.1 (1.3)2.5 (2.1)2.8 (2.8)2.4 (2.1)2.6 (2.4)(1.9)(1.8)(2.1)(2.3)(2.0)(2.1)Serum albumin, g l−136 (4)37 (4)39 (4)39 (4)38 (4)38 (4)Hemoglobin, g l−1108 (9)107 (9)137 (12)136 (12)125 (18)125 (18)Calcium, mmol l−12.31 (0.13)2.30 (0.13)2.36 (0.12)2.37 (0.12)2.34 (0.13)2.34 (0.13)Phosphorus, mmol l−11.34 (0.21)1.33 (0.19)1.20 (0.19)1.20 (0.19)1.26 (0.21)1.25 (0.20)BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GM, geometric mean; Hb, hemoglobin; UACR, urinary albumin:creatinine ratio.*P-values between hemoglobin strata=0.054 (mean) and 0.41 (geometric mean).Continuous data: mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise noted. Open table in a new tab Table 2Baseline and annual hemoglobin and proteinuria by treatment groupLosartanPlacebonMeanChangeaMean of change, with change calculated as difference between time indicated and baseline as measured for each participant.nMeanChangeaMean of change, with change calculated as difference between time indicated and baseline as measured for each participant.DifferencebDifference of changes between treatment groups.P-valuecP-values compare differences from no change.Hemoglobin (g l−1) for combined hemoglobin groups Baseline75112507621250—— Year 1648119-6639123-2-4<0.001 Year 2554118-8529122-4-4<0.001 Year 3348119-10309122-7-30.014 Year 484119-1254118-10-20.528Hemoglobin (g l−1) for baseline hemoglobin <120 g l−1 Baseline30010702911070—— Year 1261105-32381081-40.001 Year 2214104-41861081-5<0.001 Year 3113105-384107-1-20.353 Year 42497-8151115-130.013Hemoglobin (g l−1) for baseline hemoglobin ≥120 g l−1 Baseline45113704711360—— Year 1387128-9401132-4-5<0.001 Year 2340127-11343130-7-4<0.001 Year 3235126-13225128-9-40.003 Year 460127-1439121-1620.431UACR (mg g−1)nGMGMRnGMGMR% ReductionP-valuecP-values compare differences from no change. Baseline7511163.917621146.81—— Year 1737785.70.77311137.81.032.6<0.001 Year 2639654.00.6617966.50.931.5<0.001 Year 3535496.40.5498770.40.834.4<0.001 Year 4243392.90.5205707.50.843.2<0.001GM, geometric mean; GMR, geometric mean ratio over baseline; UACR, urinary albumin:creatinine ratio.% Reduction: 100 × (1-ratio of GMR for losartan versus GMR for placebo).a Mean of change, with change calculated as difference between time indicated and baseline as measured for each participant.b Difference of changes between treatment groups.c P-values compare differences from no change. Open table in a new tab BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GM, geometric mean; Hb, hemoglobin; UACR, urinary albumin:creatinine ratio. *P-values between hemoglobin strata=0.054 (mean) and 0.41 (geometric mean). Continuous data: mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise noted. GM, geometric mean; GMR, geometric mean ratio over baseline; UACR, urinary albumin:creatinine ratio. % Reduction: 100 × (1-ratio of GMR for losartan versus GMR for placebo). Both treatment groups had mean baseline hemoglobin concentration of 125 g l−1, which decreased to 119 g l−1 in the losartan group (n=84) and 118 g l−1 (n=54) in the placebo group at year 4 (Table 2). Decline in the losartan group occurred at year 1 and stabilized afterwards, whereas the decline in the placebo group was gradual over 4 years. Between-group differences in changes from baseline were significant at years 1 (4 g l−1, P<0.001), 2 (4, P<0.001), and 3 (3, P=0.014), but not at year 4 (2, P=0.528). A similar pattern was seen in the hemoglobin ≥120 g l−1 category; however, decreases in hemoglobin in the losartan group with baseline hemoglobin <120 g l−1 category were 3–4 g l−1 until year 4 when the decrease was 8 g l−1 (n=24 at year 4). Proteinuria decreased in both treatment groups during the 4-year follow-up, but the decrease in the losartan group was significantly greater at each annual measurement (all P<0.001) (Table 2). There were significant risk reductions for losartan versus placebo treatment for ESRD in baseline hemoglobin <120 g l−1 (relative risk reduction (RRR) 35.8%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 13.4–52.4, P=0.004) and ≥120 g l−1 (RRR 30.6%, 95% CI 4.3–49.7, P=0.026) categories, while risk reductions for ESRD or death were significant in the baseline hemoglobin <120 g l−1 category (RRR 28.6%, 95% CI 9.1–43.9, P=0.006) and non-significant in the ≥120 g l−1 category (RRR 19.1%, 95% CI -2.5–36.1, P=0.079) (Table 3). Risk reductions were comparable for baseline hemoglobin <120 and ≥120 g l−1 categories, as indicated by non-significant interaction tests (P=0.637 for ESRD; P=0.362 for ESRD or death).Table 3Event rates and risk reductions of treatment for endpoints of ESRD and ESRD or deathLosartanPlaceboBsl Hb, g l−1NK (rate)nK (rate)RRR (95% CI)P-valueaTreatment effect of losartan versus placebo.InteractionbInteraction test between treatment group and hemoglobin group (<120 or ≥120 g l−1).ESRD Cox bsl onlycMultivariate Cox model with baseline log urinary albumin:creatinine ratio, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and hemoglobin as covariates.<12030081 (99.2)291104 (141.9)35.8 (13.4–52.4)0.0040.637≥12045166 (48.5)47190 (64.8)30.6 (4.3–49.7)0.026 Cox bsl+Yr 1 HbdMultivariate Cox model with baseline log urinary albumin:creatinine ratio, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and hemoglobin and change in hemoglobin at year 1 as covariates.<12026169 (93.6)23881 (125.7)32.0 (5.4–51.1)0.0220.890≥12038756 (46.3)40176 (62.1)39.6 (13.8–57.7)0.005ESRD or death Cox bsl onlycMultivariate Cox model with baseline log urinary albumin:creatinine ratio, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and hemoglobin as covariates.<120300126 (154.3)291148 (201.9)28.6 (9.1–43.9)0.0060.362≥120451129 (94.8)471152 (109.4)19.1 (-2.5–36.1)0.079 Cox bsl+Yr 1 HbdMultivariate Cox model with baseline log urinary albumin:creatinine ratio, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and hemoglobin and change in hemoglobin at year 1 as covariates.<12026198 (132.9)238105 (163.0)25.5 (1.3–43.8)0.0400.874≥12038796 (79.4)401114 (93.1)30.4 (7.9–47.3)0.011bsl, baseline; CI, confidence interval; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; Hb, hemoglobin; K (rate), # of events per 1000 patient-years of follow-up; RRR, relative risk reduction; Yr, year.a Treatment effect of losartan versus placebo.b Interaction test between treatment group and hemoglobin group (<120 or ≥120 g l−1).c Multivariate Cox model with baseline log urinary albumin:creatinine ratio, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and hemoglobin as covariates.d Multivariate Cox model with baseline log urinary albumin:creatinine ratio, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and hemoglobin and change in hemoglobin at year 1 as covariates. Open table in a new tab bsl, baseline; CI, confidence interval; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; Hb, hemoglobin; K (rate), # of events per 1000 patient-years of follow-up; RRR, relative risk reduction; Yr, year. When change in hemoglobin at year 1 was entered into the model, there were significant risk reductions for losartan versus placebo treatment for ESRD in baseline hemoglobin <120 g l−1 (RRR 32.0%, 95% CI 5.4–51.1, P=0.022) and ≥120 g l−1 (RRR 39.6%, 95% CI 13.8–57.7, P=0.005) categories, as well as for ESRD or death in baseline hemoglobin <120 g l−1 (RRR 25.5%, 95% CI 1.3–43.8, P=0.040) and ≥120 g l−1 (RRR 30.4%, 95% CI 7.9–47.3, P=0.011) categories (Table 3). Risk reductions were similar for baseline hemoglobin <120 and ≥120 g l−1 categories as indicated by non-significant interaction tests (P=0.890 for ESRD; P=0.874 for ESRD or death). Risk reductions for ESRD in the losartan group compared with the placebo group favored losartan for all prevalent and new anemia categories except the improving anemia category (11 ESRD events among 76 patients), and were significant in the new anemia (hazard ratio 0.58, 95% CI 0.35–0.94, P=0.029), persistent anemia (hazard ratio 0.62, 95% CI 0.44–0.88, P=0.008), and missing data (hazard ratio 0.37, 95% CI 0.21–0.67, P=0.001) categories (Table 4).Table 4Hazard ratios for reductions in ESRD by losartan for baseline and year-1 anemia categoriesLosartanPlaceboHemoglobin categorynK (rate)nK (rate)HR (95% CI)P-valueNo anemia Bsl Hb ≥120 g l−1; Yr 1 ≥120 g l−125923 (27.6)31039 (39.9)0.68 (0.40–1.15)0.152Improving anemia Bsl Hb <120 g l−1; Yr 1 ≥120 g l−1264 (53.7)507 (48.2)2.04 (0.44–9.50)0.366New anemia Bsl Hb ≥120 g l−1; Yr 1 <120 g l−112132 (90.8)8737 (159.8)0.58 (0.35–0.94)0.029Persistent anemia Bsl Hb <120 g l−1; Yr 1 <120 g l−123263 (95.9)18271 (147.5)0.62 (0.44–0.88)0.008Missing Hb at Yr 19821 (96.6)12237 (147.3)0.37 (0.21–0.67)0.001Bsl, baseline; CI, confidence interval; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; Hb, hemoglobin; HR, hazard ratio; K (rate), # of events per 1000 patient-years of follow-up; Yr, year.Multivariate Cox model with hemoglobin category and baseline urinary albumin:creatinine ratio, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and hemoglobin as covariates. Open table in a new tab Bsl, baseline; CI, confidence interval; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; Hb, hemoglobin; HR, hazard ratio; K (rate), # of events per 1000 patient-years of follow-up; Yr, year. Multivariate Cox model with hemoglobin category and baseline urinary albumin:creatinine ratio, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and hemoglobin as covariates. The principal new finding from these analyses from the RENAAL study is that the renoprotective effect of long-term administration of losartan to patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy was maintained despite a significant decline in hemoglobin concentration. Furthermore, benefits on ESRD, ESRD or death, and proteinuria in the losartan treatment group were maintained when hemoglobin decreased. Patients with lower hemoglobin (persistent anemia and new anemia) may be at greater risk for ESRD. A significant benefit of losartan treatment was seen for these populations. Patients enrolled in the RENAAL trial had advanced nephropathy as indicated by average baseline serum creatinine of 168.0 μmol l−1 (1.9 mg per 100 ml) and UACR of 1.9 g g−1 18Brenner B.M. Cooper M.E. de Zeeuw D. et al.Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 861-869Crossref PubMed Scopus (6147) Google Scholar and were at high risk for progression to ESRD over the time of the study. Moreover, patients with lower hemoglobin concentration at baseline had lower glomerular filtration rate, lower serum albumin level, increased proteinuria, and were more likely to be female, Asian, Hispanic, or black. These participants may be at higher risk for progression of kidney disease and subsequently more likely to benefit from losartan therapy even in the setting of a lower or declining hemoglobin concentration. Recent data indicate that patients who develop anemia during treatment with an ACEI are at greater risk for left ventricular dysfunction than those with prevalent anemia.19Ishani A. Weinhandl E. Zhao Z. et al.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor as a risk factor for the development of anemia, and the impact of incident anemia on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 45: 391-399Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (157) Google Scholar However, our findings indicate that even those with anemia (hemoglobin concentration <120 g l−1) at baseline were likely to derive renal benefit from treatment with losartan whether hemoglobin declined, remained stable, or improved over time (Table 4). Therefore, our findings are applicable to a growing population of patients with type 2 diabetes in the United States at risk for onset and progression of nephropathy. In our prior analysis of the RENAAL study, we found that baseline hemoglobin concentration was an independent predictor of the outcomes of ESRD and ESRD or death.14Mohanram A. Zhang Z. Shahinfar S. et al.Anemia and end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.Kidney Int. 2004; 66: 1131-1138Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar Hemoglobin concentration just below normal (<138 versus >138 g l−1) portended increased risk for ESRD, and lower hemoglobin (<113 versus >138 g l−1) portended increased risk for ESRD or death.14Mohanram A. Zhang Z. Shahinfar S. et al.Anemia and end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.Kidney Int. 2004; 66: 1131-1138Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar The mechanism whereby anemia increases risk for disease progression in diabetic nephropathy is unknown. Anemia has been implicated as a trigger of kidney fibrosis and excessive renal sympathetic activity, which could contribute to declining kidney function in diabetics with nephropathy.20Nangaku M. Chronic hypoxia and tubulointerstitial injury: a final common pathway to end-stage renal failure.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006; 17: 17-25Crossref PubMed Scopus (877) Google Scholar, 21Denton K.M. Shweta A. Anderson W.P. Preglomerular and postglomerular resistance responses to different levels of sympathetic activation by hypoxia.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002; 13: 27-34PubMed Google Scholar Two recent studies reported renal outcomes of anemia treatment. In the Cardiovascular Risk Reduction by Early Anemia Treatment with Epoetin beta (CREATE) study, patients with baseline GFR 15–35 ml min−1 1.73 m−2 and hemoglobin 110–125 g l−1 who were treated with erythropoietin to target hemoglobin 130–150 versus 105–115 g l−1 for approximately 3 years had no significant difference in risk for the primary composite cardiovascular endpoint, significantly higher risk for time to ESRD (dialysis, P=0.03), and no significant difference in slope of eGFR.16Drüeke T.B. Locatelli F. Clyne N. et al.Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia.N Engl J Med. 2006; 355: 2071-2084Crossref PubMed Scopus (1781) Google Scholar In the Correction of Hemoglobin and Outcomes in Renal Insufficiency (CHOIR) study, patients with baseline GFR 15–50 ml min−1 1.73 m−2 and hemoglobin <110 g l−1 who were treated with erythropoietin to target hemoglobin of 135 versus 113 g l−1 were at significantly higher risk for the primary composite cardiovascular endpoint (P=0.03) with no significant difference in ESRD.17Singh A.K. Szczech L. Tang K.L. et al.Correction of anemia with epoetin alfa in chronic kidney disease.N Engl J Med. 2006; 355: 2085-2098Crossref PubMed Scopus (2273) Google Scholar The mechanism of ACEI- and ARB-associated anemia is not completely understood, but appears to be at least in part due to inhibition of erythropoiesis. Early studies investigated erythropoietin levels, and more recent studies have investigated the role of insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor-1-binding proteins, and N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (AcSDKP), as well as angiotensin II receptors in bone marrow. ACEIs and ARBs inhibit the growth of erythroid precursors but lower hemoglobin via distinct mechanisms. AcSDKP is degraded by angiotensin-converting enzyme and in the presence of ACEI, but not ARB, treatment. AcSDKP level may be increased during ACEI treatment, thereby inhibiting hematopoiesis.22Brox A.G. Mangel J. Hanley J.A. et al.Erythrocytosis after renal transplantation represents an abnormality of insulin-like growth factor-I and its binding proteins.Transplantation. 1998; 66: 1053-1058Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar, 23Le Meur Y. Lorgeot V. Comte L. et al.Plasma levels and metabolism of AcSDKP in patients with chronic renal failure: relationship with erythropoietin requirements.Am J Kidney Dis. 2001; 38: 510-517Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (65) Google Scholar, 24Macdougall I.C. ACE inhibitors and erythropoietin responsiveness.Am J Kidney Dis. 2001; 38: 649-651Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (12) Google Scholar ACEIs also reduce insulin-like growth factor-1 levels and are unable to enhance erythropoiesis.25Morrone L.F. Di Paolo S. Logoluso F. et al.Interference of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on erythropoiesis in kidney transplant recipients: role of growth factors and cytokines.Transplantation. 1997; 64: 913-918Crossref PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar Insulin-like growth factor-1 levels are high in patients with erythrocytosis. ACEIs also decrease interleukin-12, another stimulator of erythropoiesis.25Morrone L.F. Di Paolo S. Logoluso F. et al.Interference of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on erythropoiesis in kidney transplant recipients: role of growth factors and cytokines.Transplantation. 1997; 64: 913-918Crossref PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar Renal efferent vasodilation may improve renal blood flow, leading to improved oxygenation. ARBs interfere with the bone marrow renin–angiotensin system, which utilizes angiotensin type 1 and 2 receptors.11Richmond R.S. Tallant E.A. Gallagher P.E. et al.Angiotensin II stimulates arachidonic acid release from bone marrow stromal cells.J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2004; 5: 176-182Crossref PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar The angiotensin type 1 receptor may be important in influencing entry of stem cells into the cell cycle in patients with post-transplant erythrocytosis.26Charrier S. Michaud A. Badaoui S. et al.Inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme induces radioprotection by preserving murine hematopoietic short-term reconstituting cells.Blood. 2004; 104: 978-985Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar Furthermore, in vitro studies have demonstrated that angiotensin infusion can increase erythropoiesis, but still requires erythropoietin.13Mrug M. Stopka T. Julian B.A. et al.Angiotensin II stimulates proliferation of normal early erythroid progenitors.J Clin Invest. 1997; 100: 2310-2314Crossref PubMed Scopus (225) Google Scholar Our study has important implications for treatment of anemia in patients with CKD due to type 2 diabetic nephropathy. First, clinicians should be aware that use of losartan in diabetics with CKD who are not anemic (hemoglobin >120 g l−1) may become so when therapy is initiated. Based on the experience with other ARBs, we would expect that the effects on hemoglobin attributed to losartan in our study are representative of a class effect and not limited specifically to losartan; however, we studied losartan only in this analysis. Second, the magnitude of hemoglobin decline associated with long-term losartan use in diabetes with nephropathy is relatively small, on average 6 and 14 g l−1 in the losartan group at 1 and 4 years respectively. Third, the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF KDOQI™) clinical practice guidelines recommend anemia evaluation at hemoglobin <120 g l−1, and treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents when hemoglobin is <110 g l−1.27Keane W.F. Brenner B.M. de Zeeuw D. et al.The risk of developing end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: the RENAAL study.Kidney Int. 2003; 63: 1499-1507Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (421) Google Scholar RENAAL was conducted before the era of widespread erythropoietin use in pre-dialysis CKD patients; only 18 patients received erythropoietin at baseline despite the fact that 21.7% of RENAAL study participants had a baseline hemoglobin ≤110 g l−1. In current clinical practice, ACEI- or ARB-induced decreases in hemoglobin might be treated by appropriate dosing of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and iron to maintain hemoglobin 110–120 g l−1. There are some limitations to these analyses. RENAAL was not designed specifically to study anemia; therefore, specific history related to anemia (such as hemolysis, menorrhagia, or gastrointestinal hemorrhage) was not collected, nor were laboratory data regarding other factors related to anemia (such as nutritional deficiencies (iron, B12, folate), red blood cell survival, hemoglobin electrophoresis, expression of hypoxia-inducible factor, and toxic metabolites of uremia) obtained. An additional limitation of this analysis is the lack of information on treatment of low hemoglobin in the RENAAL trial. Although we did not observe a statistically significant interaction between categories of baseline hemoglobin and renal outcomes because the power to detect such interaction was low, we cannot exclude the possibility that baseline hemoglobin was a modifier of the effect of losartan on hemoglobin and outcome. It is important to note that the magnitude of the mean change in hemoglobin over 1 year in the present study was 6 g l−1 in the losartan group. A hemoglobin decline <10 g l−1 may be important when it changes categorization (e.g., at 120 g l−1) and treatment for anemia is considered. For example, treatment of anemia as well as more aggressive management of other comorbidities could have been undertaken and thereby contributed to the beneficial effects observed with treatment assignment to losartan. Because the number of subjects with data at 4 years of follow-up was small, we are unable to comment on results of longer-term treatment with losartan on anemia and renal outcomes in diabetes with nephropathy. It is important to note that in our study, all participants had CKD attributed to type 2 diabetes and nephropathy; therefore, this analysis may not be generalized to non-diabetic CKD populations. In conclusion, these analyses from the RENAAL study indicate that losartan-associated decline in hemoglobin occurred in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. While even mild anemia may be a risk factor for progression of CKD and for poor outcomes, these analyses suggest that the beneficial effects of treatment with losartan in this patient population on ESRD, ESRD or death, and proteinuria persisted in the presence of hemoglobin decrease. Further prospective studies are warranted to study risk of anemia associated with ARBs, as well as optimal level of hemoglobin to minimize renal and cardiovascular complications in the CKD population. RENAAL was a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of effects of treatment with losartan in 1513 patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy over 3.4 years (mean).18Brenner B.M. Cooper M.E. de Zeeuw D. et al.Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 861-869Crossref PubMed Scopus (6147) Google Scholar Nephropathy was defined as baseline serum creatinine >132.6 μmol l−1 (1.5 mg per 100 ml) in males, 114.9 μmol l−1 (1.3 mg per 100 ml) in females or males <60 kg weight) to 265.2 μmol l−1 (3.0 mg per 100 ml) and proteinuria (UACR>300 mg g−1 or a 24-h urine protein >500 mg). Patients were treated to goal systolic blood pressure <140 mm Hg and diastolic <90 mm Hg. Patients could receive additional antihypertensive agents, excluding ACEIs and ARBs, if goal blood pressure was not achieved. The study protocol was approved by all relevant ethics committees and all patients provided written informed consent. Samples for hemoglobin analysis were collected in potassium EDTA tubes at room temperature and analyzed in regional reference laboratories by photometric absorbance using Coulter model GEN-S and STKS (Beckman Coulter Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA). Measurements were cross-validated monthly using normal and abnormal samples in a central laboratory.16Drüeke T.B. Locatelli F. Clyne N. et al.Normalization of hemoglobin level in patients with chronic kidney disease and anemia.N Engl J Med. 2006; 355: 2071-2084Crossref PubMed Scopus (1781) Google Scholar Proteinuria was measured on spot urine samples as UACR (mg per g) or 24-h urine collections (mg per day), and eGFR was calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation.28Levey A.S. Greene T. Kusek J.W. et al.A simplified equation to predict glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine.J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000; 11 (abstract): 155AGoogle Scholar Primary endpoints for the present analyses were risk reductions for ESRD and the combined endpoint of ESRD or death. ESRD was defined as need for chronic dialysis or renal transplantation.18Brenner B.M. Cooper M.E. de Zeeuw D. et al.Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.N Engl J Med. 2001; 345: 861-869Crossref PubMed Scopus (6147) Google Scholar Death was defined as death from any cause. All deaths and ESRD events were adjudicated by an independent adjudication committee. Secondary endpoint was change in proteinuria, which was determined annually. Hemoglobin concentration was measured at baseline and annually. In order to determine whether losartan treatment would be associated with significant and persistent reduction in hemoglobin concentration as compared with placebo treatment, we evaluated change in hemoglobin concentration from baseline annually to the end of the study. To study the relationship between losartan, hemoglobin concentration, and outcomes, the population was divided into two groups: baseline hemoglobin <120 and ≥120 g l−1. The rationale for this categorization was based on the following: (1) 120 g l−1 is the hemoglobin concentration at which the 2002 NKF KDOQI guidelines recommend evaluation for anemia in patients with CKD;29K/DOQI Work Group K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Part 6. Association of level of GFR with complications in adults.Am J Kidney Dis. 2002; 39: S111-S169Google Scholar (2) the treatment goal for patients with CKD and anemia attributed to erythropoietin deficiency is 110–120 g l−1,30KDOQI, National Kidney Foundation KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2006; 47: S11-S145PubMed Google Scholar and (3) blood hemoglobin concentration 120 g l−1 has become synonymous with renal anemia based on these factors. The wider-range treatment goal of 110–130 g l−1 has been advocated by 2006 NKF KDOQI guidelines to prevent cycling due to narrow therapeutic target rather than because of new evidence for ceiling hemoglobin.30KDOQI, National Kidney Foundation KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for anemia in chronic kidney disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2006; 47: S11-S145PubMed Google Scholar All randomized patients were included in this post hoc analysis. Participants were dichotomized by baseline hemoglobin (<120 or ≥120 g l−1) and treatment group (losartan or placebo). To determine change from baseline to year 1, year 1 was defined in the data analysis plan as the last value after randomization before ESRD and up to and including day 410 after randomization; similar methods were used for years 2, 3, and 4 with day ranges as follows: 411–775, 776–1140, and 1141–1505, respectively. Forty-five participants had missing hemoglobin values at baseline; for these patients baseline hemoglobin values were imputed according to baseline characteristics before randomization. Baseline characteristics were summarized for patients with hemoglobin measured at year 1 for losartan and placebo groups within hemoglobin <120 and ≥120 g l−1 groups. For longitudinal data during the study, mean value and change from baseline for hemoglobin, stratified by hemoglobin 120 g l−1, were provided at baseline and annually. The change in hemoglobin from baseline was measured for each participant with measured follow-up hemoglobin, and then averaged. The between-group difference was compared by Student's t-test. Differences over time between baseline hemoglobin <120 and ≥120 g l−1 categories were analyzed by testing for an interaction between reduction in hemoglobin during losartan or placebo administration depending on baseline hemoglobin value. Regarding the interaction model, we included treatment group (losartan or placebo), baseline hemoglobin category (<120 or ≥120 g l−1), and their interaction factor (cross-product terms) in the model as covariates. For proteinuria (UACR), the corresponding calculation was done on the natural logarithm scale; geometric mean, geometric mean ratio over baseline, and reduction were determined. Number and exposure rate (number of events per 1000 patient-years of follow-up) of ESRD alone and ESRD or death events were summarized for treatment groups and baseline hemoglobin categories. RRR and 95% CI for each group were determined using a Cox proportional hazards model with the following baseline covariates in the multivariate analysis: log proteinuria, serum albumin, serum creatinine, and hemoglobin.14Mohanram A. Zhang Z. Shahinfar S. et al.Anemia and end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy.Kidney Int. 2004; 66: 1131-1138Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar,27Keane W.F. Brenner B.M. de Zeeuw D. et al.The risk of developing end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: the RENAAL study.Kidney Int. 2003; 63: 1499-1507Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (421) Google Scholar A second Cox model similar to the first one also adjusted for change in hemoglobin at year 1 because this is the first available hemoglobin concentration value that would reflect the expected 3-month nadir after starting losartan. In addition, we explored treatment effect of losartan on ESRD by 5 categories: no effect, improving, new, persistent anemia, and missing hemoglobin at year 1 based on hemoglobin <120 or ≥120 g l−1 at baseline and year 1. The fifth group included 226 patients. A two-sided P-value <0.05 defined statistical significance. The RENAAL study was sponsored by Merck & Co., Inc. Dr Mohanram is a recipient of an American Diabetes Association Junior Faculty Award and Dr Toto is the recipient of NIH grant number 2K24DK002818-06. Drs Shahinfar and Zhang, and Ms Lyle are or have been employed by Merck & Co., Inc. and may own stock or hold stock options in the company. Drs Mohanram, Toto, and Shahinfar are consultants for Amgen. Dr Toto is a consultant and speaker's bureau member for Merck & Co., Inc." @default.
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• W2041728941 title "The effect of losartan on hemoglobin concentration and renal outcome in diabetic nephropathy of type 2 diabetes" @default.
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