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• W2045410080 abstract "o m d c s a t a w F ruit Ninja is a popular iPhone game. The player must slice fruits by running a finger over them as they arc across the screen, gaining points and deriving a great deal of satisfaction as they fall away in juicy segments. An obvious tactic would be to slice as rapidly as possible, abandoning all restraint. This would ensure that not a single fruit is missed. But militating against this strategy are the nasty-looking bombs that appear without warning and must not be touched or they will explode. Sometimes the player learns that no bombs will be appearing in the near future and a frenzy of joyful slicing will go unpunished. This poses a very interesting challenge to the brain. Speedy actions are required, but they must be controlled and, sometimes, inhibited (Figure 1). The game demands cognitive skills essential to interacting successfully with a world in which reward and harm coexist and in which the successful agent must assess the current likelihood of each, allocating cognitive and motor resources optimally. We need to balance a vigorous approach, maximizing acquisition of reward, with a cautious one that husbands resources and avoids harm (sometimes the reverse is true). Success depends as much on the actions that we inhibit as the ones that we enact. A failure in this balance leads to contextually inappropriate responses and impulsive responding, which is linked to alterations in corticostriatal function (1) and may be key to a number of psychiatric syndromes (2). In this issue of Biological Psychiatry, Zandbelt et al. (3) characterize the nature of response inhibition deficits in schizophrenia. They begin by observing that such inhibition may take two forms: proactive inhibition (PI), dependent on a sensitivity to the likelihood of having to withhold a response in the near future, and reactive inhibition (RI) occurring at the point at which the response must actually be stopped. Although playing Fruit Ninja entails both PI and RI (except during bomb-free interludes when neither are needed), Zandbelt et al. separate these two inhibitory components using a simple but clever approach. At the start of each trial, a visual cue alerted participants to the likelihood that a subsequent “go” stimulus (demanding a rapid response) would be interrupted by a signal to withhold that response. Critically, varying the probability that a response must be withheld enabled separate manipulation of PI (which should become more engaged as the likelihood of a subsequent stop signal increases) and RI (required whenever the stop signal occurs). PI should lead to a general slowing of reaction times for go trials and the more likely the stop signal, the greater this slowing. Conversely, RI is demanded by every stop signal. As expected, participants made slower responses with increasing probability of stop signals. Although this PI effect was seen in" @default.
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• W2045410080 date "2011-12-01" @default.
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• W2045410080 title "Hurry Up and Wait: Action, Distraction, and Inhibition in Schizophrenia" @default.
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• W2045410080 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.016" @default.
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