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- W2045678665 abstract "Traditionally, the protection of foreign investors under international law has been dependent upon the willingness of the investor’s home state to initiate arbitration proceedings against the state in which the investor has been conducting its overseas activities. Over the last forty years, however, a new development, the bilateral investment treaty (BIT), has privatised the international protection of investors. 1 Nearly 2,000 of these BITs have now been concluded. 2 These treaties give investors of one party a direct right of action, through arbitration, against the government of the other country in the event of a violation of various provisions designed to protect investors, which extend beyond the prohibition on expropriation under customary international law. In contrast to the position under customary international law, most BITs will permit the investor to commence proceedings even though it is not in a position to show that it has exhausted local remedies against the respondent State. 3 BITs, typically, will entitle the investor to the benefit of national treatment and most-favoured-nation treatment as well as outlawing performance requirements. They will also give rights to full compensation in the event of an expropriation of any property of the investor. Such provisions are contained in the US Model Bit of 1986, which formed the basis of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which, on 1 January 1995, came into force as between Canada, Mexico and the United States. Until recently, NAFTA was the only major multilateral agreement on investment of general application to all investment sectors. 4 Its provisions now form the basis of the 2004 Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) and the 2004 US–Australia and US–Singapore Free Trade Agreements. 5" @default.
- W2045678665 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2045678665 date "2006-01-01" @default.
- W2045678665 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W2045678665 title "Expropriation and Environmental Regulation: The Lessons of NAFTA Chapter Eleven" @default.
- W2045678665 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/jel/eqi050" @default.
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