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• W2046705395 abstract "Spectra of Ga IV and Ge V.---By application of the Moseley law and the two doublet laws of x-ray spectroscopy, the ($3{d}^{9}4s$) and ($3{d}^{9}4p$) levels of Ga IV and Ge V and a tentative ($3{d}^{10}$) level for Ga IV, have been found. The levels formerly classified as $^{3}D_{1}$, $^{1}P_{1}(3{d}^{9}4p)$ of Zn III have been interchanged.Correlation of inverted multiplet levels to series limits.---On the hypothesis that as the nuclear charge increases the levels of an isoelectronic sequence tend to cluster relatively into groups forecasting the next higher ion due to a transition from $mathrm{ls}$- to $mathrm{jj}$-coupling, evidence is adduced to show that of the $^{3}D$, $^{1}D({d}^{9}s)$, the $^{3}D_{2}$ level approaches the limit $^{2}D_{3}({d}^{9})$, contrary to the theory of Hund. The case is analogous to that of Ne, in whose empirical series $^{3}P_{1}(2{p}^{5}3s)$ approaches $^{2}P_{2}(2{p}^{5})$.Distinctions between x-ray and optical spectra, in application of the x-ray laws.---(1) Exact representation of isoelectronic optical spectra on a Moseley diagram generally requires knowledge of series limit correlations of individual levels; the problem is close to that of general term-representation. (2) X-ray energy levels are ionization energies of neutral atoms, whereas in isoelectronic spectra the net charge increases with the atomic number $Z$; the first order screening number ${ensuremath{sigma}}_{1}$ increases with $Z$ in x-ray spectra, but decreases to an asymptote in isoelectronic spectra. The difference might be explained by outer screening.Shape of the ${ensuremath{sigma}}_{1}$ curve for isoelectronic spectra.---If ${ensuremath{sigma}}_{1}$ is plotted as a function of $Z$, the initial slope of the curve depends upon the $n$- and $l$-values of the added electron but changes only slowly with the total number of electrons, and substantially not at all with the ion configuration for a given number of electrons; this rule implies that the lines on the Moseley diagram, representing the addition of a given ${n}_{l}$ electron to different isoelectronic sequences containing nearly the same number of electrons, are parallel, to a second approximation.The irregular doublet law applied to isoelectronic sequences in the neighborhood of a closed $d$-shell (${d}^{10}$), is valid for ${(p)}^{frac{1}{2}}ensuremath{-}{(s)}^{frac{1}{2}}$ but not for ${(d)}^{frac{1}{2}}ensuremath{-}{(p)}^{frac{1}{2}}$ or ${(f)}^{frac{1}{2}}ensuremath{-}{(d)}^{frac{1}{2}}$." @default.
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• W2046705395 date "1928-05-01" @default.
• W2046705395 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W2046705395 title "The Application of the X-Ray Laws to Optical Spectra of Higher Rank, and the Classification of Ga IV and Ge V" @default.
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• W2046705395 doi "https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.31.748" @default.
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