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• W2047722781 abstract "Pronounced strain-rate-dependent Poisson’s ratio (μ) and stress (σ) are observed for a fully swollen gel (60 mm in length and 1.2 mm in thickness) in solvents when greatly stretched in tensile experiments with a wide range of crosshead speeds (v), across 5 orders of magnitude from an extremely slow v of 0.17 μm/s. The strain-rate dependence is the result of the stretching-driven swelling during deformation and not viscoelastic effects. This feature is unique to polymer gels that behave as semiopen systems, i.e., systems that can exchange solvent with its surroundings. When v is so low that the time scale of stretching (ε̇0−1 where ε̇0 = v/l0 is the initial strain rate and l0 the initial length) is comparable to the characteristic time of swelling (τ), μ and σ become strongly dependent on v: μ becomes less than 1/2 and σ becomes smaller than the value corresponding to the sufficiently high v (satisfying the relation ε̇0−1 ≪ τ) where no volume change occurs (μ = 1/2). In the low v limit (ε̇0−1 ≫ τ), the strain-induced swelling is equilibrated at all times during stretching: μ (≈0.25) and σ are at equilibrium values, independent of v. A model to describe the v dependence of μ and stress−strain relation is developed from the existing model for swelling dynamics under a small step strain on the basis of the Boltzmann superposition principle. The model well captures the main features of the experimental results. The results of the present study also provide fundamental information about the effects that the actuation rate has on the mechanical performance of gel-based soft actuators because this effect becomes pronounced at easily attainable deformation speeds for microfabricated gels and fiber gels with relatively short characteristic time for swelling." @default.
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• W2047722781 date "2011-03-16" @default.
• W2047722781 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2047722781 title "Strain-Rate-Dependent Poisson’s Ratio and Stress of Polymer Gels in Solvents Revealed by Ultraslow Stretching" @default.
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• W2047722781 doi "https://doi.org/10.1021/ma102767t" @default.
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