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• W2048894987 abstract "The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways have been described to act in a variety of stages and cell conditions, from development to cell proliferation and differentiation as well as in carcinogenesis. In fact, they have been considered the poster child of cell signaling pathways confluences in embryogenesis and tumor formation. The Wnt family denomination comes from the merging of “Int1” (discovered in the field of breast cancer formation in mice) and Wingless (discovered in the field of Drosophila development). Readers who want to further their knowledge on the subject should read the fine review published in EMBO Journal in 2012 (1Nusse R. Varmus H. Three decades of Wnts: a personal perspective on how a scientific field developed.EMBO J. 2012; 31: 2670-2684Crossref PubMed Scopus (293) Google Scholar). The list of demonstrated clinical diseases where Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been established is growing day by day. These pathologies vary from neurodegenerative disorders to immunoproliferative diseases and cancer. Colon cancer is one of the best described situations where the Wnt pathway has been documented and targeted. In fact, one of the key molecules downstream from the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway was discovered in colon cancer and named after it (APC, Adenomatous polyposis coli). In vitro data suggest that targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be useful in bad-prognosis neoplasias such as triple negative breast cancer (2Herr P. Hausmann G. Basler K. WNT secretion and signalling in human disease.Trends Mol Med. 2012; 18: 483-493Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (119) Google Scholar). Within this perspective, it is not surprising that the amount of research lines and patents in this field is so prolific. It has been described in basic research that selective inactivation of the Wnt pathway decreases normal uterine myometrial cell formation, yielding a small, fat cell–enriched uterus. This indicates that Wnt signaling is necessary for normal uterine development. Moreover, involvement of the Wnt family in leiomyoma formation has been increasingly described in recent years. Leiomyoma formation and growth relies on stem cells, estrogen, and progesterone, but surprisingly these stem cells lack estradiol and progesterone receptors. The author has just demonstrated and published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America that cells surrounding stem cells (either normal myometrial or already formed leiomyoma cells) activate, in a paracrine fashion, the Wnt/β-catenin cascade in those somatic uterine stem cells (3Ono M. Yin P. Navarro A. Molly B. Coon V J.S. Druschitz S.A. et al.Paracrine activation of WNT/beta-catenin pathway in uterine leiomyoma stem cells promotes tumor growth.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110: 17053-17058Crossref PubMed Scopus (114) Google Scholar). In the paper published in this issue of Fertility and Sterility, Dr. Ono beautifully demonstrated the influence of the Wnt/β-catenin canonical activation pathway in primary leiomyoma cell cultures (4Ono M. Yin Navarro A. Moravek M.B. Coon V.J.S. Druschitz S.A. et al.Inhibition of canonical WNT signaling attenuates human leiomyoma cell growth.Fertil Steril. 2014; 101: 1441-1449Google Scholar). They effectively test the in vitro effect on leiomyoma cell proliferation of three inhibitors of the Wnt pathway, namely, ICAT, niclosamide, and XAV939. Although these molecules are far from specifically blocking precise steps in the Wnt signaling cascade, they are useful as small soluble molecules that can be easily administered. This enables the authors to answer in vitro the question they propose. In fact, niclosamide (used to treat tapeworm infestation) and XAV939 have been tried in colon cancer and in pulmonary fibrosis. Other molecules and antibodies have been used in other clinical scenarios with promising results. Obviously, these are in vitro experiments and their clinical application is far from imminent, but the road to find ways to administer these molecules or akin molecules and/or research for new drugs targeting specific stages of the Wnt pathway has been laid. Surgery for uterine leiomyomas is a huge economic burden. Medical treatment with GnRH analogs is at present restricted to a few cases, mainly owing to their side effects like bone mineralization and hot flashes. Although other medical treatment strategies have become available recently such as ulipristal acetate, which reduces the size of the fibroid, Wnt targeting has a promising future in fibroid therapeutics. Owing to its pleiotropic action, much work still needs to be done to translate in vitro results to in vivo, minimizing side effects. It is not known whether a targeted approach will be needed or, conversely, a systemic approach will suffice. We have come to this point: fusing a fly and a mouse in one molecule has contributed to research in far-off fields like human pathology and therapeutics. Further research is needed, as is the merging of these distant disciplines, to increase the knowledge in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and translate the results to clinical medicine. Inhibition of canonical WNT signaling attenuates human leiomyoma cell growthFertility and SterilityVol. 101Issue 5PreviewTo assess the effect of three WNT/β-catenin pathway inhibitors—inhibitor of β-catenin and TCF4 (ICAT), niclosamide, and XAV939—on the proliferation of primary cultures of human uterine leiomyoma cells. Full-Text PDF" @default.
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• W2048894987 date "2014-05-01" @default.
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• W2048894987 title "An engaging example of translational medicine: the Wnt/β-catenin cellular pathway and pharmacological research in fibroid treatment" @default.
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• W2048894987 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.010" @default.
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