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- W2049746695 endingPage "75" @default.
- W2049746695 startingPage "39" @default.
- W2049746695 abstract "Oxidative modification of LDL is known to elicit an array of pro-atherogenic responses, but it is generally underappreciated that oxidized LDL (OxLDL) exists in multiple forms, characterized by different degrees of oxidation and different mixtures of bioactive components. The variable effects of OxLDL reported in the literature can be attributed in large part to the heterogeneous nature of the preparations employed. In this review, we first describe the various subclasses and molecular composition of OxLDL, including the variety of minimally modified LDL preparations. We then describe multiple receptors that recognize various species of OxLDL and discuss the mechanisms responsible for the recognition by specific receptors. Furthermore, we discuss the contentious issues such as the nature of OxLDL in vivo and the physiological oxidizing agents, whether oxidation of LDL is a prerequisite for atherogenesis, whether OxLDL is the major source of lipids in foam cells, whether in some cases it actually induces cholesterol depletion, and finally the Janus-like nature of OxLDL in having both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Lastly, we extend our review to discuss the role of LDL oxidation in diseases other than atherosclerosis, including diabetes mellitus, and several autoimmune diseases, such as lupus erythematosus, anti-phospholipid syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 13, 39–75. Introduction Definitions, Biochemistry, and Composition Minimally modified LDL Extensively oxidized LDL What Is the Nature of Oxidized LDL That Occurs In Vivoο What Are the Physiological Oxidizing Agents In Vivoο Bioactive Compounds in OxLDL Phospholipid products Lysophospholipid products sn-2 short chain PCs PAF-like products sn-2 epoxy PCs Sphingolipid products Ceramide Sphingosine 1-phospate Free fatty acid products Oxysterols Cholesteryl ester products Hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde Products of Apo B modification OxLDL–Cellular Interactions: Patterns of OxLDL Recognition Class A scavenger receptors: Extensively oxidized LDL Class B scavenger receptors: Extensively and moderately oxidized LDL Class E scavenger receptors: Mildly oxidized LDL FCγ receptor: OxLDL immune complexes Other scavenger receptors Alternative pathways for minimally-oxidized LDL OxLDL, the Janus-Faced Particle: Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties Reactive Oxygen Species and OxLDL Effects OxLDL Uptake in Foam Cell Formation and Lesion Development OxLDL-induced cholesterol loading of macrophages in vitro OxLDL-induced cholesterol loading in vivo Disruption of OxLDL uptake pathways in lesion formation OxLDL in Endothelial Cells: Cholesterol, Caveolae, and Lesion Formation OxLDL-induced impact on endothelial cholesterol in vitro: Loading or depletionο Dyslipidemia-induced disruption of endothelial caveolae in vivo Is Oxidation of LDL Necessary for the Development of Atherosclerosisο Evidence supporting the hypothesis Evidence inconsistent with the hypothesis OxLDL in Diabetes Mellitus OxLDL in Autoimmune Diseases Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome Rheumatoid arthritis Concluding Remarks" @default.
- W2049746695 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W2049746695 creator A5008158426 @default.
- W2049746695 creator A5054504447 @default.
- W2049746695 creator A5086847276 @default.
- W2049746695 date "2010-07-01" @default.
- W2049746695 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
- W2049746695 title "Oxidized LDL: Diversity, Patterns of Recognition, and Pathophysiology" @default.
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