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• W2049920696 abstract "A longstanding, yet surprisingly untested hypothesis is that untreated (or undertreated) pain can lead to increased drug-seeking behavior. To date, few studies have been able to causally test this hypothesis due to methodological limitations, such as the lack of longitudinal data to establish causality, lack of measures to exclude confounding (e.g., mental health), and the use of clinical or regional samples that lacks representation to the nation as a whole. The current study overcomes these limitations by drawing on a nationally representative sample of adults (aged 18 or older) in the United States. Wave 1 (2001-2002) participants (n=34,393)completed a self-administered, in-person survey, and were then followed over 3 years (2004 to 2005). Items were taken from the SF-12 to assess self-reported pain interference over time as well as mental (DSM-IV psychiatric disorders) and physical health. We categorized participants into four groups differentiated by pain interference: (1) no pain interference over time (48%), (2) no pain at baseline and high/moderate pain at follow-up (13%), (3) high/moderate pain at baseline, but transitioned to no pain interference at follow-up (16%), and (4) chronic moderate/high pain interference that is stable over time (21%). The highest risk of initiation for the first opioid experience (O.R.=1.85, 95% C.I.=1.21-2.24, P<.001)or transitions to abuse/dependence on opioids (O.R. 1.62, 95% C.I. 1.21-1.91, P<.001)was being in the high moderate stable pain relative to the lower, less intensive measures of pain interference. Utilization of health care services reduced the risk of having chronic pain interference. Overall, this is the first study with sufficient measures of pain within a nationally representative observational study to isolate the causal influence of pain interference on stages of non-medical opioid use. A longstanding, yet surprisingly untested hypothesis is that untreated (or undertreated) pain can lead to increased drug-seeking behavior. To date, few studies have been able to causally test this hypothesis due to methodological limitations, such as the lack of longitudinal data to establish causality, lack of measures to exclude confounding (e.g., mental health), and the use of clinical or regional samples that lacks representation to the nation as a whole. The current study overcomes these limitations by drawing on a nationally representative sample of adults (aged 18 or older) in the United States. Wave 1 (2001-2002) participants (n=34,393)completed a self-administered, in-person survey, and were then followed over 3 years (2004 to 2005). Items were taken from the SF-12 to assess self-reported pain interference over time as well as mental (DSM-IV psychiatric disorders) and physical health. We categorized participants into four groups differentiated by pain interference: (1) no pain interference over time (48%), (2) no pain at baseline and high/moderate pain at follow-up (13%), (3) high/moderate pain at baseline, but transitioned to no pain interference at follow-up (16%), and (4) chronic moderate/high pain interference that is stable over time (21%). The highest risk of initiation for the first opioid experience (O.R.=1.85, 95% C.I.=1.21-2.24, P<.001)or transitions to abuse/dependence on opioids (O.R. 1.62, 95% C.I. 1.21-1.91, P<.001)was being in the high moderate stable pain relative to the lower, less intensive measures of pain interference. Utilization of health care services reduced the risk of having chronic pain interference. Overall, this is the first study with sufficient measures of pain within a nationally representative observational study to isolate the causal influence of pain interference on stages of non-medical opioid use." @default.
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• W2049920696 date "2012-04-01" @default.
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• W2049920696 title "Nonmedical prescription pain reliever use by levels of pain interference: findings from a nationally representative cohort study" @default.
• W2049920696 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2012.01.065" @default.
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