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• W205087235 abstract "Subliminal perception is perception of stimuli below the level of awareness, below the conscious threshold; response to stimulation that is too weak or too rapid to be consciously reported (Dixon, 1971; Bevan, 1984). According to psychoanalytic theory, one does not see subliminal objects, but they are registered in e subconscious or unconscious, and subsequently affect behavior without one's awareness (Silverman, 1983; McKean, 1986). Subliminal perception gained wide attention and prominence in the 1950's when some advertiser claimed that people can not only register subliminal impression of brand names of goods, but that they could be motivated to buy specific products. The theory behind subliminal advertising is that brand names, flashed on a television or motion picture screen so briefly as not to attract conscious notice by the viewer, can nevertheless, be effective in influencing the individual to purchase certain products (Packard, 1985; Buchwald, 1986). It might also be used to influence or persuade the viewer to behave or think in particular ways (Erderly, 1985; McLaughlin, 1987). Whether or not subliminal perception actually exists is still being disputed among researchers, although many experiments are still being performed in the area. Subliminal perception is concept of controversy in which more concrete evidence need be presented (Calvin & Dollemayer, 1959; Fis, Goldberg & Klein, 1962; Haspel & Harris, 1982; Balota, 1983). Physiological responses to subliminal stimuli could aid the position of the existence of subliminal perception. If it could be shown that subliminal stimuli produce responses in brain neurons, this could be a positive findings, but if the stimuli did not produce neural responses than this would be a negative finding (Berelson & Steiner, 1964: Saegart, 1979). Here, again are controversial positions. In several studies performed at the University of Iowa, a human ulcer nerve was slightly stimulated so that the subject was not consciously aware of the stimulation. An EEG was used to record possible changes during the studies, but no changes were found. In other research, EEG and EKG recordings were used with senior citizens shown a peaceful film in which taboo and swear words were subliminally embedded into the firm. The subjects did show physiological changes in their response patterns with changes in EEG and EKG as the subliminal stimuli were presented (Silverman, 1983). There are several theories concerning bio-physiological explanations for subliminal perception. One maintains that, if it really does exist, when the subliminal stimuli is perceived and is registered in the memory of the brain, the electrical charge may be too small to be recalled to the conscious level. The explanation would lead to the fact that if subliminal stimuli was frequently perceived, the messages could be effective to the point of mind control or adept hypermnesia (Ellenberger, 1970; Erderly, 1985). A second physiological theory states that the charge of a subliminal stimulus does not cross the synapse between neurons, but does cause a chemical change allowing the next stimulus to cross the synapse. This creates and effect known as the Retinal Summation of the Subliminal and Supraliminal Stimuli. In the effect, both the subliminal and supraliminal stimuli are stored in the retina and have chance to mix (Silverman, 1983). The present study was conducted to determine the effect of a subliminal number stimulus on verbal responses. It utilized a bio-physiological theoretical position regarding retinal summation of the subliminal and supraliminal stimuli. Method Subjects: One-hundred fifty, freshman and sophomore students at Richard J. Daley College, chicago, Illinois, were selected as subjects. From this randomly selected population, seventy-five students were randomly chosen for a control group, and seventy-five were randomly chosen for an experimental group. …" @default.
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• W205087235 date "1996-03-22" @default.
• W205087235 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W205087235 title "Subliminal Perception of Number Stimuli" @default.
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