FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2051217445> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W2051217445 endingPage "1379" @default.
• W2051217445 startingPage "1374" @default.
• W2051217445 abstract "Transglutaminases play an important role in vascular smooth muscle cell-induced calcification in vitro. In this study, we determined whether these enzymes are also involved in human atherosclerotic calcification using nine carotid artery specimens obtained at endarterectomy. Sections of the carotid artery specimens were registered to micro-computed tomography images and stained for tissue-type transglutaminase, plasma transglutaminase factor XIIIA (FXIIIA), the Nε(γ-glutamyl)lysine cross-link, and the macrophage marker CD68. Ex vivo micro-computed tomography revealed extensive calcification, which significantly correlated with the cross-link. FXIIIA was found to be the dominant transglutaminase, rather than tissue-type transglutaminase, although staining of both transglutaminases correlated with the cross-link. Staining for FXIIIA colocalized with CD68 at both the cellular and tissue level. In conclusion, areas of calcification locate to the presence and activity of transglutaminases in human atherosclerotic arteries. FXIIIA seems to be the dominant transglutaminase and may be derived from local macrophages. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that transglutaminases participate in the calcification process of human atherosclerotic arteries. Transglutaminases play an important role in vascular smooth muscle cell-induced calcification in vitro. In this study, we determined whether these enzymes are also involved in human atherosclerotic calcification using nine carotid artery specimens obtained at endarterectomy. Sections of the carotid artery specimens were registered to micro-computed tomography images and stained for tissue-type transglutaminase, plasma transglutaminase factor XIIIA (FXIIIA), the Nε(γ-glutamyl)lysine cross-link, and the macrophage marker CD68. Ex vivo micro-computed tomography revealed extensive calcification, which significantly correlated with the cross-link. FXIIIA was found to be the dominant transglutaminase, rather than tissue-type transglutaminase, although staining of both transglutaminases correlated with the cross-link. Staining for FXIIIA colocalized with CD68 at both the cellular and tissue level. In conclusion, areas of calcification locate to the presence and activity of transglutaminases in human atherosclerotic arteries. FXIIIA seems to be the dominant transglutaminase and may be derived from local macrophages. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that transglutaminases participate in the calcification process of human atherosclerotic arteries. Vascular calcification is considered a tightly regulated process of matrix deposition by osteoblast-like cells.1Johnson RC Leopold JA Loscalzo J Vascular calcification: pathobiological mechanisms and clinical implications.Circ Res. 2006; 99: 1044-1059Crossref PubMed Scopus (725) Google Scholar These cells may be derived from stem cells or differentiate from smooth muscle cells or pericytes. Recent work from Johnson et al2Johnson KA Polewski M Terkeltaub RA Transglutaminase 2 is central to induction of the arterial calcification program by smooth muscle cells.Circ Res. 2008; 102: 529-537Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar suggests a role for transglutaminases in the process of arterial calcification. On the basis of in vitro experiments on cultured healthy arterial segments and smooth muscle cells, these authors proposed a novel mechanism of arterial calcification, for which tissue-type transglutaminase (TG2) is central in the chondro-osseous differentiation and calcification of smooth muscle cells. Transglutaminases form a class of enzymes with pleiotropic function3Lorand L Graham RM Transglutaminases: crosslinking enzymes with pleiotropic functions.Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2003; 4: 140-156Crossref PubMed Scopus (1219) Google Scholar that consists of nine known members. Among these, TG2 is expressed in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and monocytes/macrophages. The plasma transglutaminase, factor XIIIA (FXIIIA) is expressed in monocytes/macrophages.4Bakker EN Pistea A VanBavel E Transglutaminases in vascular biology: relevance for vascular remodeling and atherosclerosis.J Vasc Res. 2008; 45: 271-278Crossref PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar TG2 has been implicated in an animal model for atherosclerotic lesion formation,5Boisvert WA Rose DM Boullier A Quehenberger O Sydlaske A Johnson KA Curtiss LK Terkeltaub R Leukocyte transglutaminase 2 expression limits atherosclerotic lesion size.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006; 26: 563-569Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar whereas both TG2 and FXIIIA are involved in vascular remodeling.6Bakker EN Buus CL Spaan JA Perree J Ganga A Rolf TM Sorop O Bramsen LH Mulvany MJ VanBavel E Small artery remodeling depends on tissue-type transglutaminase.Circ Res. 2005; 96: 119-126Crossref PubMed Scopus (150) Google Scholar, 7Bakker EN Pistea A Spaan JA Rolf T de Vries CJ van Rooijen N Candi E VanBavel E Flow-dependent remodeling of small arteries in mice deficient for tissue-type transglutaminase: possible compensation by macrophage-derived factor XIII.Circ Res. 2006; 99: 86-92Crossref PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar TG2 and FXIIIA are also involved in normal bone formation, where they act in concert to promote chondrocyte maturation.8Johnson KA Rose DM Terkeltaub RA Factor XIIIA mobilizes transglutaminase 2 to induce chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation.J Cell Sci. 2008; 121: 2256-2264Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar Although these data suggest an important role of transglutaminases in the development of atherosclerotic calcification, evidence of their role in human atherosclerotic lesion development is lacking. Therefore, we investigated the presence of transglutaminases, ie, TG2 and FXIIIA, the transglutaminase-induced cross-link and macrophages in human atherosclerotic carotid arteries. These markers were correlated to calcified areas that were detected ex vivo with micro-computed tomography (μCT) imaging. Atherosclerotic plaque tissue was collected from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (eight males and one female, aged 51 to 80 years). Detailed patient characteristics are found in Supplemental Table 1 (see http://ajp.amjpathol.org). All patients displayed cerebrovascular symptoms. From the nine symptomatic patients, eight of the atherosclerotic plaques were collected from the symptomatic artery and one from the asymptomatic carotid artery in a patient with an occlusion of the symptomatic artery. Specimens were kept in a tissue bank at −80°C until further processing. The study was approved by the medical ethics committee, and all patients gave written informed consent.Table 1Cross-Tabulation TablesCLNegativePositiveTotalCalcium Negative Observed106124230 Expected87143230 Positive Observed96574 Expected284674 Total Observed115189304 Expected115189304Pearson χ2P < 0.001CLNegativePositiveTotalFXIIIA Negative Observed9494188 Expected71117188 Positive Observed2195116 Expected4472116 Total Observed115189304 Expected115189304Pearson χ2P < 0.001CLNegativePositiveTotalTG2 Negative Observed114170284 Expected107177284 Positive Observed11920 Expected81220 Total Observed115189304 Expected115189304Pearson χ2P = 0.002CD68NegativePositiveTotalFXIIIA Negative Observed10484188 Expected81107188 Positive Observed2789116 Expected5066116 Total Observed131173304 Expected131173304Pearson χ2P < 0.001Top to bottom: cross-tabulation tables between calcium and cross-link (CL), FXIIIA and CL, TG2 and CL, and FXIIIA and CD68. Indicated are observed numbers and their expected numbers on the basis of absence of correlation. Open table in a new tab Top to bottom: cross-tabulation tables between calcium and cross-link (CL), FXIIIA and CL, TG2 and CL, and FXIIIA and CD68. Indicated are observed numbers and their expected numbers on the basis of absence of correlation. After storage, specimens were defrosted before scanning with a μCT scanner (Skyscan 1072, Skyscan, Kontich, Belgium) operating at 80 kV and 100 μA to image calcifications inside the plaques. The samples were scanned in air as a whole during 15 to 30 minutes, depending on their length, varying from 8 to 25 mm. After reconstruction, the image resolution of the sample was 18 × 18 × 18 μm. After μCT scanning the carotid arteries were fixed in formalin for 24 to 48 hours and decalcified with EDTA for an additional 24 to 48 hours before routine processing and embedding in paraffin. Adjacent sections (5 μm) were deparaffinized, and antigen retrieval was performed by boiling in 0.01 mol/L citrate buffer. Thereafter slides were blocked with 5% goat serum, and primary antibodies were incubated either for 60 minutes at room temperature (TG2) or overnight at 4°C (FXIIIA and cross-link); overnight incubation with the antibody against TG2 yielded similar results (data not shown). Secondary antibodies were applied for 30 minutes at room temperature. Bound antibodies were visualized using AEC chromogen (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin. Negative controls were obtained by omission of the primary antibody. For detection of TG2, a rabbit polyclonal antibody was used (concentration 1:10, Labvision, Runcorn, UK) in combination with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated polyclonal goat anti-rabbit antibody (concentration 1:100, DakoCytomation, Glostrup, Denmark). FXIIIA was detected by a rabbit polyclonal antibody against FXIIIA (prediluted, Labvision) in combination with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated polyclonal goat anti-rabbit and mouse secondary antibody (prediluted, Abcam, Cambridge, UK). The product of transglutaminase activity was detected by a mouse monoclonal antibody against the Nε(γ-l-glutamyl)-l-lysine isopeptide cross-link (concentration 1:100, Covalab, Villeurbanne, France) together with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (concentration 1:100, SouthernBiotech, Birmingham, AL). Macrophages were detected by a mouse monoclonal antibody against human CD68 (concentration 1:1600, DakoCytomation) in combination with the Dako REAL EnVision Detection System, Peroxidase/DAB+. Digitized images were made with a NanoZoomer Digital Pathology system (C9600, Hamamatsu, Hamamatsu City, Japan) set up at ×40 magnification. Double immunofluorescent staining was performed by overnight incubation of slides with a rabbit polyclonal antibody against FXIIIA (prediluted, Labvision) and a mouse anti-human monoclonal antibody against CD68 (concentration 1:100, Abcam). Slides were then incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with secondary antibodies: goat anti-rabbit-Cy3 (concentration 1:100, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA) and goat anti-mouse-fluorescein isothiocyanate (concentration 1:100, Abcam). Nuclei were stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). Images were made with a confocal microscope (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany), using sequential scanning to avoid cross talk of the dyes. For localization of the stainings and μCT images, every image was subdivided in sections of 1.6 × 1.6 mm. These subsections were presented in a random manner and orientation to two blinded observers. Hereby, subsections were selected randomly from the complete dataset including all patients and stainings and analyzed for the percentage of positive staining and the presence of calcium per area of tissue present in that section. Only sections with minimal folding and distortion of tissue were used for analysis (n = 2 to 3 locations per patient, 76 cross sections in total stained for either TG2, FXIIIA, the cross-link, or CD68 and were subdivided into 304 subsections). Averaged scores were converted to binary measurements (negative staining, positive staining) with a cutoff value of 4%. To correlate the immunostainings with μCT data, a matching (registration) of the images between both modalities is needed. This matching requires the localization of the histological sections in the three-dimensional μCT data. We included 7 degrees of freedom for the registration of these image modalities. Thus, with respect to the volumetric μCT data, the sections were translated in three dimensions, rotated in three dimensions, and isotropically scaled. These registrations were done manually, using landmarks such as the internal and external contours of the vessel. Applying these procedures directly to the histological sections is not so straightforward because of the many degrees of freedom. Therefore, as an intermediate step, during the microtome slicing process, en face images of the remaining embedded tissue were made at 1-mm intervals. From these en face images a three-dimensional stack was created, which was first registered with the μCT data as described above. This provided estimates for position along the length axis, for tilting and overall shrinkage of the tissue during embedding. Subsequently, each individual histological section was registered to the corresponding en face image, using translation, rotation, and isotropic scaling. The full registration is the combination of the registration of the en face images to the μCT data, and the registration of histology images to the en face images. Finally, small errors in this two-stage registration procedure, such as slice-dependent deformations resulting from microtome sectioning, were corrected by minor manual adjustments in the positioning of the histological section within the three- dimensional μCT data. In addition, an interobserver study was used to validate the registration process. Hereby, two patients were randomly selected and registered by a second observer, blinded for the previous results. The three-dimensional orientation of the histological slices in the μCT domain was compared between the two observers, and differences were found to be well within the grid size used for the data analysis (1.6 × 1.6 mm). The associations between calcium and the cross-link and between the TG2, FXIIIA, CD68, and cross-link staining were analyzed using cross tabulation and χ2 tests. Associations were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. A volume rendering of a carotid artery including atherosclerotic plaque and calcifications, visible as bright spots in the μCT images, is shown in Figure 1 (a three-dimensional representation of Figure 1 is available in Supplemental Movie 1, see http://ajp.amjpathol.org). The lumen was segmented manually from the μCT image for visualization. There was a diverse appearance of calcification, ranging from isolated spots to large, complex dense structures. On the basis of the μCT images, we found that calcification was present in 24% of the total plaque area analyzed. Histological cross sections were registered to corresponding reformatted slices from the μCT image to colocalize calcifications and cross-link staining. This revealed that calcified areas stain heavily for the cross-link, as shown in a typical example in Figure 2, A–C. Staining for the cross-link was abundant, but not restricted to calcified areas. In total, the cross-link was present in 62% of the analyzed areas. Staining for FXIIIA was found in 38% of the areas and colocalized with calcifications (Figure 2D). Macrophages, as identified by CD68 staining (Figure 2E), also colocalized with calcification and with FXIIIA, which was shown by the double immunofluorescent staining for FXIIIA and CD68 (Figure 2, G–I; n = 3). In contrast, minimal positive staining for TG2 was seen throughout the plaques (Figure 2F). In total, only 7% of the scored areas stained positively. Positive control staining for TG2 as well as negative controls for the cross-link, FXIIIA, and CD68 (immunohistochemical and double immunofluorescent staining) can be found in Supplemental Figure 1 (see http://ajp.amjpathol.org).Figure 2Example of immunohistochemical and double immunofluorescent staining of a carotid atherosclerotic plaque section. A: H&E staining, ×5 magnification. B: Cross-link staining. C: Corresponding μCT image; bright spots indicate calcium. D: FXIIIA staining. E: CD68 staining. Scale bar = 300 μm. F: TG2 staining. G–I: Confocal images of double immunofluorescent staining of FXIIIA (red) and CD68 (green). Nuclei are stained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (blue).View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Cross-tabulation (Table 1) showed that calcifications are strongly associated with the cross-link (Pearson χ2, P < 0.001). Thus, of the calcified areas 88% showed positive staining for the cross-link. Both transglutaminases, TG2 and FXIIIA, are associated with the cross-link (Pearson χ2, P = 0.002 and P < 0.001). However, TG2 was present in only 10% of the cross-link-positive areas, whereas 50% of the cross-link-positive areas showed positive staining for FXIIIA. Macrophages, a possible source of FXIIIA, are strongly correlated with FXIIIA in the plaques (Pearson χ2, P < 0.001). Staining for the cross-link and FXIIIA outside calcified areas was located mainly in the necrotic core, rather than in the fibrous cap or shoulder regions of the plaque (Supplemental Figure 2, see http://ajp.amjpathol.org). In this study we tested the hypothesis that transglutaminases are associated with calcification in human atherosclerosis. The main findings of the current study are that i) calcified areas in human atherosclerotic plaque stain positively for the transglutaminase-induced cross-link, ii) this Nε(γ-glutamyl)lysine cross-link correlates significantly with staining for TG2 and FXIIIA, both members of the transglutaminase family, iii) FXIIIA staining is dominant over TG2, which is only marginally present, and point iv) FXIIIA staining correlates with CD68 staining and also colocalizes with CD68-positive cells as shown by double immunofluorescent staining, suggesting that macrophages represent the major source of FXIIIA. Previous work from others addressed the expression of TG2 and the cross-link in human atherosclerotic specimens.9Auld GC Ritchie H Robbie LA Booth NA Thrombin upregulates tissue transglutaminase in endothelial cells: a potential role for tissue transglutaminase in stability of atherosclerotic plaque.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001; 21: 1689-1694Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 10Haroon ZA Wannenburg T Gupta M Greenberg CS Wallin R Sane DC Localization of tissue transglutaminase in human carotid and coronary artery atherosclerosis: implications for plaque stability and progression.Lab Invest. 2001; 81: 83-93Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar, 11Sumi Y Inoue N Azumi H Seno T Okuda M Hirata K Kawashima S Hayashi Y Itoh H Yokoyama M Expression of tissue transglutaminase and elafin in human coronary artery: implication for plaque instability.Atherosclerosis. 2002; 160: 31-39Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar These publications showed that transglutaminases, through cross-linking of extracellular matrix proteins, could contribute to increased plaque stability. However, in the current study we found transglutaminases and the cross-link to be absent from cap and shoulder regions and mainly associated with calcified areas. Whereas the present study reveals a strong correlation of transglutaminases with calcification in human atherosclerotic specimens, detailed mechanistic insight is provided by the recent in vitro experimental work performed by Johnson et al.2Johnson KA Polewski M Terkeltaub RA Transglutaminase 2 is central to induction of the arterial calcification program by smooth muscle cells.Circ Res. 2008; 102: 529-537Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar These authors found transglutaminases to be crucial for the switch of smooth muscle cells toward a chondro-osseous phenotype and subsequent mineralization. Work on osteoblast differentiation also supports the role of transglutaminases in tissue mineralization. Thus, cross-linking activity of transglutaminases affects cell differentiation and ultimately mineralization of osteoblast cultures by the formation and stabilization of a fibronectin-collagen network.12Al-Jallad HF Nakano Y Chen JL McMillan E Lefebvre C Kaartinen MT Transglutaminase activity regulates osteoblast differentiation and matrix mineralization in MC3T3–E1 osteoblast cultures.Matrix Biol. 2006; 25: 135-148Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar In addition, osteoblasts differentiate faster on a TG2-cross-linked type I collagen matrix than on native collagen.13Chau DY Collighan RJ Verderio EA Addy VL Griffin M The cellular response to transglutaminase-cross-linked collagen.Biomaterials. 2005; 26: 6518-6529Crossref PubMed Scopus (168) Google Scholar It is, however, not clear whether transglutaminases contribute to calcification through cross-linking activity only. Transglutaminases also accelerate the maturation of chondrocytes, which relates to the engagement of transglutaminases with integrins,8Johnson KA Rose DM Terkeltaub RA Factor XIIIA mobilizes transglutaminase 2 to induce chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation.J Cell Sci. 2008; 121: 2256-2264Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar a process that does not require transglutaminase-catalyzed transamidation. Our previous work showed that in vascular remodeling, FXIIIA can substitute for the lack of TG2. This was also shown to be the case for in vitro calcification of smooth muscle cells and arteries,2Johnson KA Polewski M Terkeltaub RA Transglutaminase 2 is central to induction of the arterial calcification program by smooth muscle cells.Circ Res. 2008; 102: 529-537Crossref PubMed Scopus (84) Google Scholar in which exogenous FXIIIA could rescue the phenotypic switch of TG2−/− smooth muscle cells toward the chondro-osseous phenotype by phosphate donor treatment, which may also explain why the TG2 knockout mouse does not display an overt skeletal phenotype. FXIIIA may originate from plasma, platelets, and monocytes/macrophages. In the current study we found a significant correlation between FXIIIA and CD68 staining, suggesting that within the plaque, macrophages are a major source of FXIIIA. An alternative possibility is that osteochondrogenic trans-differentiated smooth muscle cells produce FXIIIA, because in endochondral ossification FXIIIA is released by chondrocytes.14Nurminskaya M Magee C Nurminsky D Linsenmayer TF Plasma transglutaminase in hypertrophic chondrocytes: expression and cell-specific intracellular activation produce cell death and externalization.J Cell Biol. 1998; 142: 1135-1144Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar However, the double fluorescent immunostaining for CD68 and FXIIIA clearly shows that macrophages are the main source of local FXIIIA synthesis. We found FXIIIA and CD68 staining outside calcified areas also. It is not clear whether these sites reflect early stages in calcification. The currently found colocalization of transglutaminase activity and calcification adds to a variety of transglutaminase effects that may aggravate atherosclerosis. Thus, FXIIIA is considered to be a marker of alternatively activated (T helper 2) macrophages and plays a role in the phagocytosis of erythrocytes and other particles.15Töröcsik D Bardos H Nagy L Adany R Identification of factor XIII-A as a marker of alternative macrophage activation.Cell Mol Life Sci. 2005; 62: 2132-2139Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar In addition, FXIIIA may act in an autocrine manner on angiotensin receptors. Thus, FXIIIA is able to induce dimerization of angiotensin type 1 receptors on monocytes. These angiotensin type 1 receptor dimers show increased activation, resulting in increased attachment to endothelial cells. This process could ultimately affect atherosclerosis, because blockade of receptor dimerization resulted in decreased atherosclerotic lesion development in apolipoprotein-deficient mice.16AbdAlla S Lother H Langer A el Faramawy Y Quitterer U Factor XIIIA transglutaminase crosslinks AT1 receptor dimers of monocytes at the onset of atherosclerosis.Cell. 2004; 119: 343-354Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (176) Google Scholar Transglutaminases have also been found to mediate inward remodeling in small arteries under a variety of conditions.6Bakker EN Buus CL Spaan JA Perree J Ganga A Rolf TM Sorop O Bramsen LH Mulvany MJ VanBavel E Small artery remodeling depends on tissue-type transglutaminase.Circ Res. 2005; 96: 119-126Crossref PubMed Scopus (150) Google Scholar, 7Bakker EN Pistea A Spaan JA Rolf T de Vries CJ van Rooijen N Candi E VanBavel E Flow-dependent remodeling of small arteries in mice deficient for tissue-type transglutaminase: possible compensation by macrophage-derived factor XIII.Circ Res. 2006; 99: 86-92Crossref PubMed Scopus (99) Google Scholar In those vessels, transglutaminases mainly affect remodeling through cross-linking the media and adventitia. It remains to be established whether transglutaminases are also involved in large vessel media remodeling during atherosclerosis. Yet it is conceivable that media cross-linking would counteract the Glagov phenomenon.17Glagov S Weisenberg E Zarins CK Stankunavicius R Kolettis GJ Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries.N Engl J Med. 1987; 316: 1371-1375Crossref PubMed Google Scholar In summary, transglutaminase activity may determine the outcome of atherosclerotic lesion development through an array of mechanisms, including calcification. The challenge for future work will be to further unravel these mechanisms and to explore possibilities for beneficially affecting local transglutaminase activity. We thank Kim van Gaalen for excellent technical assistance. Download .pdf (.3 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary Figure 1 Download .pdf (.65 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary Figure 2 Download .pdf (.01 MB) Help with pdf files Supplementary Table 1 Download .doc (.03 MB) Help with doc files Supplementary Figure, Video and Table LegendseyJraWQiOiI4ZjUxYWNhY2IzYjhiNjNlNzFlYmIzYWFmYTU5NmZmYyIsImFsZyI6IlJTMjU2In0.eyJzdWIiOiIxNWQxOWRjNzEwNDhhNGRmYjVmODg5OTlkZTUyM2NlYSIsImtpZCI6IjhmNTFhY2FjYjNiOGI2M2U3MWViYjNhYWZhNTk2ZmZjIiwiZXhwIjoxNjgzODY0NzI4fQ.Jp3LigIidTIu_vYGR3Sz9Rl0JTgElO4WSxNSy8ZIooHM3gB28YKw3f0z9LS-ypMnkUa4jKofvY2ZkWs5KgjdVR7G27LOq2cACs1QbQwuHIS8kYh26XlqzYwD-htmYQyaU4aE_RuPcHGSUBCaOw631uSUxF9tNUiPvpFZv_1FFhp2x3jqCICN-HOnnuCFKYcPJElQw3qfkt4b9EtUdncaOtg1y5E-fBpERwKq_eBqXNJqjjgZB4t1tM5jv5jmIdwNFy3aBIRZgt23JCkI6BMdQnNBfTHkpJdC_nmXA30yknJp3kDtI3WVYRCZKVyZlA8e0_2hq8Y9yivtU1d0ng3J_w Download .mp4 (0.23 MB) Help with .mp4 files Video 1" @default.
• W2051217445 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2051217445 creator A5001902322 @default.
• W2051217445 creator A5006225939 @default.
• W2051217445 creator A5012856150 @default.
• W2051217445 creator A5021284732 @default.
• W2051217445 creator A5023339336 @default.
• W2051217445 creator A5034234365 @default.
• W2051217445 creator A5045033034 @default.
• W2051217445 creator A5069818774 @default.
• W2051217445 creator A5085810556 @default.
• W2051217445 date "2009-10-01" @default.
• W2051217445 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W2051217445 title "Calcification Locates to Transglutaminases in Advanced Human Atherosclerotic Lesions" @default.
• W2051217445 cites W1967455040 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W1978698475 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W1986813540 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W1997649080 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W2000359966 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W2033179718 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W2036894466 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W2105352292 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W2112445216 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W2116626687 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W2118115966 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W2128887897 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W2135811670 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W2148413329 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W2149208570 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W2165285849 @default.
• W2051217445 cites W2317358310 @default.
• W2051217445 doi "https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2009.090012" @default.
• W2051217445 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2751534" @default.
• W2051217445 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19717636" @default.
• W2051217445 hasPublicationYear "2009" @default.
• W2051217445 type Work @default.
• W2051217445 sameAs 2051217445 @default.
• W2051217445 citedByCount "18" @default.
• W2051217445 countsByYear W20512174452013 @default.
• W2051217445 countsByYear W20512174452014 @default.
• W2051217445 countsByYear W20512174452015 @default.
• W2051217445 countsByYear W20512174452016 @default.
• W2051217445 countsByYear W20512174452018 @default.
• W2051217445 countsByYear W20512174452020 @default.
• W2051217445 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W2051217445 hasAuthorship W2051217445A5001902322 @default.
• W2051217445 hasAuthorship W2051217445A5006225939 @default.
• W2051217445 hasAuthorship W2051217445A5012856150 @default.
• W2051217445 hasAuthorship W2051217445A5021284732 @default.
• W2051217445 hasAuthorship W2051217445A5023339336 @default.
• W2051217445 hasAuthorship W2051217445A5034234365 @default.
• W2051217445 hasAuthorship W2051217445A5045033034 @default.
• W2051217445 hasAuthorship W2051217445A5069818774 @default.
• W2051217445 hasAuthorship W2051217445A5085810556 @default.
• W2051217445 hasBestOaLocation W20512174451 @default.
• W2051217445 hasConcept C126322002 @default.
• W2051217445 hasConcept C142724271 @default.
• W2051217445 hasConcept C2775981168 @default.
• W2051217445 hasConcept C2776393769 @default.
• W2051217445 hasConcept C2780309369 @default.
• W2051217445 hasConcept C71924100 @default.
• W2051217445 hasConceptScore W2051217445C126322002 @default.
• W2051217445 hasConceptScore W2051217445C142724271 @default.
• W2051217445 hasConceptScore W2051217445C2775981168 @default.
• W2051217445 hasConceptScore W2051217445C2776393769 @default.
• W2051217445 hasConceptScore W2051217445C2780309369 @default.
• W2051217445 hasConceptScore W2051217445C71924100 @default.
• W2051217445 hasIssue "4" @default.
• W2051217445 hasLocation W20512174451 @default.
• W2051217445 hasLocation W20512174452 @default.
• W2051217445 hasLocation W20512174453 @default.
• W2051217445 hasLocation W20512174454 @default.
• W2051217445 hasOpenAccess W2051217445 @default.
• W2051217445 hasPrimaryLocation W20512174451 @default.
• W2051217445 hasRelatedWork W1524856933 @default.
• W2051217445 hasRelatedWork W1869670325 @default.
• W2051217445 hasRelatedWork W1978423853 @default.
• W2051217445 hasRelatedWork W2009662737 @default.
• W2051217445 hasRelatedWork W2078841779 @default.
• W2051217445 hasRelatedWork W2097044565 @default.
• W2051217445 hasRelatedWork W2150293958 @default.
• W2051217445 hasRelatedWork W2415745506 @default.
• W2051217445 hasRelatedWork W2947077994 @default.
• W2051217445 hasRelatedWork W2739619944 @default.
• W2051217445 hasVolume "175" @default.
• W2051217445 isParatext "false" @default.
• W2051217445 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W2051217445 magId "2051217445" @default.
• W2051217445 workType "article" @default.