Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2051222174> ?p ?o ?g. }
- W2051222174 endingPage "439" @default.
- W2051222174 startingPage "425" @default.
- W2051222174 abstract "Microbiology and ImmunologyVolume 37, Issue 6 p. 425-439 ReviewFree Access Genetic Variations of the Hepatitis B Virus and Their Clinical Relevance Toshikazu Uchida, Toshikazu Uchida Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173 JapanSearch for more papers by this author Toshikazu Uchida, Toshikazu Uchida Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173 JapanSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1993 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1993.tb03233.xCitations: 13AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abbreviations HBcAg hepatitis B core antigen HBeAg Hepatitis B e antigen HBe-SC hepatitis B e antigen to anti-hepatitis B e seroconversion HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen HBV hepatitis B virus PCR polymerase chain reaction. References 1Air, G.M., Laver, W.G., and Webster, R.G. 1990. Mechanism of antigenic variation in an individual epitope on influenza virus N9 neuraminidase. J. Virol. 64: 5797– 5803. 2Argos, P., and Fuller, S.D. 1998. A model for the hepatitis B virus core protein: prediction of antigenic sites and relationship to RNA virus capsid proteins. EMBO J. 7: 819– 824. 3Aye, T.T., Uchida, T., Becker, S.O., Hirashima, M., Shikata, T., Komine, F., Moriyama, M., Arakawa, Y., and Mima, S. 1993. Significant genetic variations in the core gene of hepatitis B viruses with or without precore defects isolated from fulminant hepatitis. Microbiol. Immunol. (accepted for publication). 4Aye, T.T., Uchida, T., Becker, S.O., Shikata, T., and Mima, S. 1993. Completely or nearly identical hepatitis B virus strains replicate between patients with acute or fulminant hepatitis B and their respective infectious sources. J. Med. Virol. (in press). 5Aye, T.T., Uchida, T., Ma, X.-Z., Iida. F., Shikata, T., Ichikawa, M., Rikihisa, T., and Win, K.M. 1993. Sequence and gene structure of the hepatitis E virus isolated from Myanmar. Virus Genes 7: 95– 100. 6Baginski, I., Chemin, I., Hantz, O., Pichoud, C., Jullien, A.M., Chevre, J.C., Li, J.S., Vitvitski, L., Sninsky, J.J., and Trepo, C. 1992. Transmission of serologically silent hepatitis B virus along with hepatitis C virus in two cases of posttransfusion hepatitis. Transfusion 32: 215– 220. 7Beasley, R.P., Hwang, L.-Y., Lin, C.-C., and Chein, C.-S. 1981. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus. A prospective study of 22707 men in Taiwan. Lancet, ii: 1129– 1133. 8Bertoletti, A., Ferrari, C., Fiaccadori, F., Penna, A., Margolskee, R., Schlichit, H.J., Fowler, P., Guilhot, S., and Chisari, F.V. 1991. HLA calss I-restricted human cytotoxic T cells recognize endogenously synthesized hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid antigen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88: 10445– 10449. 9Bhat, R.A., Ulrich, P.P., and Vyas, G.N. 1990. Molecular characterization of a new variant of hepatitis B virus in a persistently infected homosexual man. Hepatology 11: 271– 276. 10Bichko, V., Pushko, P., Dreilina, D., Pumpen, P., and Gren, E. 1985. Subtype ayw variant of hepatitis B virus. DNA primary structure analysis. FEBS Lett. 185: 208– 212. 11Birnbaum, F., and Nassal, M. 1990. Hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid assembly: primary structure requirements in the core protein. J. Virol. 64: 3319– 3330. 12Blum, H.E., Galun, E., Liang, T.J., von Weizsacker, F., and Wands, J.R. 1991. Naturally occurring mis-sense mutation in the polymerase gene terminating hepatitis B virus replication. J. Virol. 65: 1836– 1842. 13Blum, H.E., Liang, T.J., Galun, E., and Wands, J.R. 1991. Persistence of hepatitis B viral DNA after serological recovery from hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 14: 56– 62. 14Bonino, F., Rosina, F., Rizzetto, M., Rizzi, R., Chiaberge, E., Tardanico, R., Callea, F., and Verme, G. 1986. Chronic hepatitis in HBsAg carriers with serum HBV-DNA and anti-HBe. Gastroenterology 90: 1268– 1273. 15Brechot, C., Degos, F., Lugassay, C., Thiers, V., Zafrani, S., Franco, V., Bismuth, H., Trepo, C., Behamou, J.-P., Wands, J., Isselbacher, K., Tiollais, P., and Berthelot, P. 1985. Hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with chronic liver disease and negative tests for hepatitis B surface antigen. N. Engl. J. Med. 312: 270– 276. 16Brechot, C., Kremsdorf, D., Paterlini, P., and Thiers, V. 1991. Hepatitis B virus DNA in HBsAg-negative patients. Molecular characterization and clinical implications. J Hepatol. 13% (Suppl.4): S49– S55. 17Brown, J.L., Carman, W.F., and Thomas, H.C. 1992. The clinical significance of molecular variation within the hepatitis B virus genome. Hepatology 15: 144– 148. 18Brunetto, M.R., Giarin, M.M., Oliveri, F., Chiaberge, E., Baldi, M., Alfarano, A., Serra, A., Saracco, G., Verme, G., Hill, H., and Bonino, F. 1991. Wild-type and e antigen-minus hepatitis B viruses and course of chronic hepatitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88: 4186– 4190. 19Bruss, V., and Gerlich, W.H. 1988. Formation of transmembraneous hepatitis B e-antigen by cotranslational in vitro processing of the viral precore protein. Virology 263: 268– 275. 20Carman, W.F., Jacyna, M.R., Hadziyannis, S., Karayiannis, P., McGarucy, M.I., Makris, A., and Thomas, H.C. 1989. Mutation preventing formation of hepatitis B e antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Lancet, ii: 588– 590. 21Carman, W.F., Zanetti, A.R., Karayiannis, P., Waters, J., Manzillo, G., Tanzi, E., Zuckerman, A.J., and Thomas, H.C. 1990. Vaccine-induced escape mutant of hepatitis B virus. Lancet, ii: 325– 329. 22Carman, W.F., Fagan, E.A., Hadziyannis, S., Karayiannis, P., Tassopoulos, N.C., Williams, R., and Thomas, H.C. 1991. Association of a precore genomic variant of hepatitis B virus with fulminant hepatitis. Hepatology 14: 219– 222. 23Carman, W.F., Hadziyannis, S., Karayiannis, P., Fagan, E.A., Tassopoulos, N.C., Williams, R., and Thomas, H.C. 1991. Association of the precore variant of HBV with acute and fulminant hepatitis B infection, p. 216–219. In F.B. Hollinger, S.M. Lemon, and H.S. Margolis, (eds), Viral hepatitis and liver disease, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 24Carman, W.F., Ferrao, M., Lok, A.S.F., Ma, O.C.K., Lai, C.L., and Thomas, H.C. 1992. Precore sequence variation in Chinese isolates of hepatitis B virus. J. Infect. Dis. 165: 127– 133. 25Carman, W.F., and Thomas, H.C. 1992. Genetic variation in hepatitis B virus. Gastroenterology 102: 711– 719. 26Chang, C., Enders, G., Sprengel, R., Peters, N., Varmus, H.E., and Ganem, D. 1987. Expression of the precore region of an avian hepatitis B virus is not required for viral replication. J. Virol. 61: 3322– 3325. 27Chen, H.-S., Kew, M.C., Hornbuckle, W.E., Tennant, B.C., Cote, P.J., Gerin, J.L., Purecell, R.H., and Miller, G.H. 1992. The precore gene of the woodchuck hepatitis virus genome is not essential for viral replication in the natural host. J. Virol. 60: 5682– 5684. 28Chisari, F.V., Filippi, P., McLachlan, A., Milich, D.R., Riggs, M., Lee, S., Palmiter, R.D., Pinkert, C.A., and Brinster, R.L. 1986. Expression of hepatitis B virus large envelope polypeptide inhibits hepatitis B surface antigen secretion in transgenic mice. J. Virol. 63: 880– 887. 29Chisari, F.V., Klopchin, K., Moriyama, T., Pasquinelli, C., Diustford, H.A., Pasquinelli, S., Pinkdrt, C.A., Brinster, R.L., and Palmiter, R.D. 1989. Molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. Cell 59: 1145– 1156. 30Chu, C.-M., Shyu, W.-C., Kuo, R.W., and Liaw, Y.-F. 1987. HLA class I antigen display on hepatic membrane in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: its role in the pathogenesis of chronic type B hepatitis. Hepatology 7: 1311– 1316. 31Cohen, J.I. 1989. Hepatitis A virus: insights from molecular biology. Hepatology 9: 889– 895. 32Coursaget, P., Yvonnet, B.Y., Bourdil, C., Mevelec, M.N., Adamowicz, P., Barres, J.L., Chotard, J., N'Doye, R., Mar, I.D., and Chiron, J.P. 1987. HbsAg positive reactivity in man not due to hepatitis B virus. Lancet, ii: 1354– 1358. 33Cuthbert, J.A. 1991. Hepatitis B—Molecular varriants with clinical significance? Am. J. Med. Sci. 302: 396– 403. 34Dusheiko, G., Dibisceglie, A., Bowyer, S., Sachs, E., Ritchie, M., Schoub, B., and Kew, M. 1985. Recombinant leukocyte interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 5: 556– 560. 35Eckhardt, S.G., Milich, D.R., and McLachlan, A. 1991. Hepatitis B virus core antigen has two nuclear localization sequences in the arginine-rich carboxyl terminus. J. Virol. 65: 575– 582. 36Ennis, P.D., Zemmour, J., Salter, R.D., and Parham, P. 1990. Rapid cloning of HLA-A, B cDNA by using the polymerase chain reaction: frequecy and nature of errors produced in amplification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87: 2833– 2837. 37Fagan, E.A., Smith, P.M., Davidson, F., and Williams, R. 1986. Fulminant hepatitis B in successive female sexual partners of two anti-HBe-positive males. Lancet ii: 538– 540. 38Fagan, E.A., Davison, F.D., Trowbridge, T., Carman, W.F., Smith, H.M., Tedder, T., and Williams, R. 1991. Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA sequences in liver in HBsAg seronegative patients with liver disease with and without anti-HBc antibodies. Quart. J. Med. 78: 123– 134. 39Faruqi, A.F., Roychoudhury, S., Greenberg, R., Israel, J., and Shih, C. 1991. Replication-defective missense mutations within the terminal protein and spacer/intron regions of the polymerase gene of human hepatitis B virus. Virology 183: 764– 768. 40Feitelson, M., Duan, L.-X., Horiike, N., and Glayton, M. 1991. Hepatitis B X open reading frame deletion mutants isolated from atypical hepatitis B virus infections. J. Hepatol. 13% (Suppl. 4): S58– S60. 41Fernholz, D., Stemler, M., Brunetto, M., Bonino, F., and Will, H. 1991. Replicating and virion secreting hepatitis B mutant virus unable to produce preS2 protein. J. Hepatol. 13% (Suppl. 4): S102– S104. 42Foster, G.R., and Thomas, H.C. 1993. Recent advances in the molecular biology of hepatitis B virus: mutant virus and the host response. Gut 34: 1– 3. 43Fujii, H., Moriyama, K., Sakamoto, N., Kondo, T., Yasuda, K., Hiraizumi, Y., Yamazaki, M., Sakaki, Y., Okochi, K., and Nakajima, E. 1992. Gly125 to arg substitution in HBs antigen of immune escape mutant of hepatitis B virus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 184: 1152– 1157. 44Fujiyama, A., Miyanohara, A., Nozaki, C., Yoneyama, T., Ohtomo, N., and Matsubara, K. 1983. Cloning and structural analyses of hepatitis B virus DNAs, subtype adr. Nucleic Acids Res. 11: 4601– 4610. 45Galibert, F., Mandart, E., Fitoussi, F., Tiollais, P., and Charnay, P. 1979. Nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis B virus genome (subtype ayw) cloned in E. coli. Nature 281: 646– 650. 46Gallagher, M., Fields, H.A., de la Torre, N., Ebert, J.W., and Krawczynski, K.Z. 1991. Characterization of HBV2 by experimental infection of primates, p. 227–229. In F.B. Hollinger, S.M. Lemon, and H.S. Margolis, (eds), Viral hepatitis and liver disease, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 47Gallina, A., Bonelli, F., Zentilin, L., Rindi, G., Muttini, M., and Milanesi, G. 1989. A recombinant hepatitis B core antigen polypeptide with the protamine-like domain deleted self-assembles into capsid particles but fails to bind nucleic acids. J. Virol. 63: 4645– 4652. 48Garcia, P.D., Ou, J.-H., Rutter, W.J., and Walter, P. 1988. Targeting of the hepatitis B virus precore protein to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane: after signal peptide cleavage translocation can be aborted and the product released into the cytoplasm. J. Cell. Biol. 106: 1093– 1104. 49Gerken, G., Kremsdorf, D., Capel, F., Petit, M.A., Dauguet, C., Manns, M., Meyer zum Buschenfelde, K.-H., and Brechot, C. 1991. Hepatitis B defective virus with rearrangements in the preS gene during chronic HBV infection. Virology 183: 555– 565. 50Gerlich, W.H., Luer, W., Thomssen, R., and the study group for viral hepatitis of the Deutsche Forshungsgemeinschaft. 1980. Diagnosis of acute and inapparent hepatitis B virus infections by measurement of IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. J. Infect. Dis 142: 95– 101. 51Gerlich, W.H., Goldmann, U., Mullar, R., Stibbe, W., and Wolff, W. 1982. Specificity and localization of the hepatitis B virus-associated protein kinase. J. Virol. 42: 761– 766. 52Gunther, S., Meisel, H., Reip, A., Miska, S., Kruger, D.H., and Will, H. 1992. Frequent and rapid emergence of mutated pre-C sequences in HBV from e-antigen positive carriers who seroconvert to anti-HBe during interferon treatment. Virology 187: 271– 279. 53Hadzyannis, S.J., Lieberman, H.M., Karvountzis, G.G., and Shafritz, D.A. 1983. Analysis of liver disease, nuclear HBcAg, viral replication, and hepatitis B virus DN A in liver and serum of HBeAg vs. anti-HBe positive carriers of hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 3: 656– 662. 54Harrison, T.J., Hopes, E.A., Oon, C.J., Zanetti, A.R., and Zuckerman, A.J. 1991. Independent emergence of a vaccine induced escape mutant hepatitis B virus. J. Hepatol. 13: (Suppl. 4): S105– S107. 55Harrison, T.J., and Zuckerman, A.J. 1992. Variants of hepatitis B virus. Vox Sang. 63: 161– 167. 56Hasegawa, K., Huang, J., Wands, J.R., Obata, H., and Liang, T.J. 1991. Association of hepatitis B viral precore mutations with fulminant hepatitis B in Japan. Virology 185: 460– 463. 57Hatton, T., Zhou, S., and Standring, D.N. 1992. RNA-and DN A-binding activities in hepatitis B virus capsid protein: a model for their roles in viral replication. J. Virol. 66: 5232– 5241. 58Holland, J., Spindler, K., Horodyski, F., Grabau, E., Nichol, S., and VandePol, S. 1982. Rapid evolution of RNA genome. Science 214: 1577– 1585. 59Hoofnagle, J.H., Dusheiko, G.M., Seeff, L.B., Jones, E.A., Waggoner, J.G., and Bales, Z.B. 1981. Seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen to antibody in chronic type B hepatitis. Ann. Intern. Med. 94: 744– 748. 60Hoofnagle, J.H. 1983. Chronic type B hepatitis. Gastroenterology 84: 422– 424. 61Junker-Niepmann, M., Bartenschlager, R., and Schaller, H. 1990. A short cis-acting sequence is required for hepatitis B virus pregenome encapsulation and sufficient for packaging of foreign RNA. EMBO J. 9: 3389– 3396. 62Kaneko, S., and Miller, R.H. 1989. Heterogeneity of the core gene sequence in a patient chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. J. Infect. Dis. 160: 903– 904. 63Kim, S.H., Hong, S.P., Kim, S.K., Lee, W.S., and Rho, H.M. 1992. Replication of a mutant hepatitis B virus with a fused X-C reading frame in hepatoma cells. J. Gen. Virol. 73: 2421– 2424. 64Kobayashi, M., and Koike, K. 1984. Complete nucleotide sequence of hepatitis B virus DNA of subtype adr and its conserved gene organization. Gene 30: 227– 232. 65Kojima, M., Shimizu, M., Tsuchimochi, T., Koyasu, M., Tanaka, S., Iizuka, H., Tanaka, T., Okamoto, H., Tsuda, F., Miyakawa, Y., and Mayumi, M. 1991. Posttransfusion fulminant hepatitis B associated with precore-defective HBV mutants. Vox Sang. 60: 34– 39. 66Kosaka, Y., Takase, K., Kojima, M., Shimizu, M., Inoue, K., Yoshiba, M., Tanaka, S., Akahane, Y., Okamoto, H., Tsuda, F., Miyakawa, Y., and Mayumi, M. 1991. Fulminant hepatitis B: induction by hepatitis B virus mutants defective in the precore region and incapable of encoding e antigen. Gastroenterology 100: 1087– 1094. 67Lanford, R.E., and Notvall, L. 1990. Expression of hepatitis B virus core and precore antigens in insect cells and characterization of a core-associated kinase activity. Virology 176: 222– 233. 68Lee, C.-M., Bih, F-Y., Chao, Y-C., Govindarajan, S., and Lai, M.M.C. 1992. Evolution of hepatitis delta virus RNA during chronic infection. Virology 199: 265– 273. 69Lee, J.-H., Paglieroni, T.G., Holland, P.V., and Zeldis, J.B. 1992. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in an anti-HBc-nonreactive blood donor: variant virus or defective immune response? Hepatology 16: 24– 30. 70Liang, T.J., Blum, H.E., and Wands, J.R. 1990. Characterization and biological properties of a hepatitis B virus isolated from a patient without hepatitis B virus serological markers. Hepatology 12: 204– 212. 71Liang, T.J., Hesegawa, K., Riman, N., Wands, J.R., and BenPorath, E. 1991. A hepatitis B mutant associated with an epidemic of fulminant hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 324: 1705– 1709. 72Martell, M., Esteban, J.I., Quer, J., Genesca, J., Weiner, A., Esteban, R., Guardia, J., and Gomez, J. 1992. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) circulates as a population of different but closely related genomes: quasispecies nature of HCV genome distribution. J. Virol. 66: 3225– 3229. 73McKay, P., Lees, J., and Murray, K. 1981. The conversion of hepatitis B core antigen synthesized in E. coli into e antigen. J. Med. Virol. 8: 237– 243. 74McMahon, G., Ehrlich, P.H., Moustafa, Z.A., McCarthy, L.A., Dottavio, D., Tolpin, M.D., Nadler, P.I., and Ostberg, L. 1992. Genetic alterations in the gene encoding the major HBsAg: DNA and immunological analysis of recurrent HBsAg derived from monoclonal antibody-treated liver transplant patients. Hepatology 15: 757– 766. 75Milich, D.R., McLachlan, A., Moriarty, A., and Thornton, G.B. 1987. Immune response to hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg): localization of T cell recognition sites within HBcAg/HBeAg. J. Immunol. 139: 1223– 1231. 76Milich, D.R., Jones, J.E., Hughes, J.L., Price, J., Raney, A.K., and MiLachlan, A. 1990. Is a function of the secreted hepatitis B e antigen to induce immunologic tolerance in uterus? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87: 6599– 6603. 77Miller, R.H., Kaneko, S., Chung, C.T., Girones, R., and Purcell, R.H. 1989. Compact organization of the hepatitis B virus genome. Hepatology 9: 322– 327. 78Mondelli, M., Vergani, G.M., Alberti, A., Vergani, D., Portmann, B., Eddleston, A.L.W.F., and Williams, R.R. 1982. Specificity of T lymphocyte cytotoxicity to autologous hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: evidence that T cells are directed against HBV core antigen expressed on hepatocytes. J. Immunol. 129: 2773– 2778. 79Moriyama, T., Guilhot, S., Klopchin, K., Moss, B., Pinkert, C.A., Palmiter, R.D., Brinster, R.L., Kanagawa, O., and Chisari, F.V. 1990. Immunobiology and pathogenesis of hepatocellular injury in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice. Science 248: 361– 364. 80Moriyama, K., Nakajima, E., Hohjoh, H., Asayama, R., and Okochi, K. 1991. Immunoselected hepatitis B virus mutant. Lancet i: 125. 81Nassal, M. 1992. Conserved cysteines of the hepatitis B virus core protein are not required for assembly of replication-competent core particles nor for their envelopment. Virology 190: 499– 505. 82Nassal, M., Rieger, A., and Steinau, O. 1992. Topological analysis of the hepatitis B virus core particle by cysteine-cysteine cross-linking. J. Mol. Biol. 225: 1013– 1025. 83Naoumov, N.V., Mondelli, M., Alexander, G.J.M., Tedder, R.S., Eddleston, A.L.W.F., and Williams, R. 1984. Relationship between expression of hepatitis B virus antigens in isolated hepatocytes and autologous lymphocyte cytotoxicity in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 4: 63– 68. 84Naoumov, N.V., Schneider, R., Grotzinger, T., Jung, M.C., Miska, S., Pape, G.R., and Will, H. 1992. Precore mutant hepatitis B virus infection and liver disease. Gastroenterology 102: 538– 543. 85Okada, K., Kamiyama, I., Inomata, M., Imai, M., Miyakawa, Y., and Mayumi, M. 1976. e Antigen and anti-e in the serum of asymptomatic carrier mothers as indicators of positive and negative transmission of hepatitis B virus to their infants. N. Engl. Med. 294: 746– 749. 86Okamoto, H., Imai, M., Shimozaki, M., Hoshi, Y., Iizuka, H., Gotanda, T., Tsuda, F., Miyakawa, Y., and Mayumi, M. 1986. Nucleotide sequence of a cloned hepatitis B virus genomme, subtype ayr : comparison with genomes of the other three subtypes. J. Gen. Virol. 67: 2305– 2314. 87Okamoto, H., Imai, M., Kametani, M., Nakamura, T., and Mayumi, M. 1987. Genomic heterogeneity of hepatitis B virus in a 50-year-old woman who contracted the infection through matero-fetal transmission. Jpn. J. Exp. Med. 57: 231– 236. 88Okamoto, H., Imai, M., Tsuda, F., Tanaka, T., Miyakawa, Y., and Mayumi, M. 1987. Point mutation in the S gene of hepatitis B virus for a d/y or w/r subtypic change in two blood donors carrying a surface antigen of compound subtype adyr or adwr. J. Virol. 3030– 3034. 89Okamato, H., Omi, S., Wang, Y., Itoh, Y., Tsuda, F., Tanaka, T., Akahane, Y., Miyakawa, Y., and Mayumi, M. 1989. The loss of subtypic determinants in alleles, d/y or w/r, on hepatitis B surface antigen. Mol. Immunol. 26: 197– 205. 90Okamoto, H., Yotsumoto, S., Akahane, Y., Yamanaka, T., Miyazaki, Y., Sugai, Y., Tsuda, F., Tanaka, T., Miyakawa, Y., and Mayumi, M. 1990. Hepatitis B viruses with precore region defects prevail in persistently infected hosts along with seroconverion to the antibody against e antigen. J. Virol. 64: 1298– 1303. 91Okamoto, H., Yano, K., Nozaki, Y., Matsui, A., Miyazaki, H., Yamamoto, K., Tsuda, F., Machida, A., and Mishiro, S. 1992. Mutations within the S gene of hepatitis B virus transmitted from mothers to babies immunized with hepatitis B immune globulin and vaccine. Pediatr. Res. 32: 264– 268. 92Okuda, K. 1987. Is fulminant B hepatitis more common among infants born to e antigen-negative carrier mothers? Hepatology 7: 974– 976. 93Omata, M., Ehara, T., Yokosuka, O., Hosoda, K., and Ohto, M. 1991. Mutations in the precore region of hepatitis B virus DNA in patients with fulminant and severe hepatitis. N. Engl. J. Med. 324: 1699– 1704. 94Ono, Y., Onda, H., Sasada, T., Igarashi, K., Sugino, Y., and Nishioka, K. 1983. The complete nucleotide sequences of the cloned hepatitis B virus DNA: subtype adr and adw. Nucleic Acids Res. 11: 1747– 1757. 95Ou, J.-H., Laub, O., and Rutter, W.J. 1986. Hepatitis B virus gene function: the precore region targets the core antigen to cellular membranes and causes the secretion of the e antigen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A. 83: 1578– 1582. 96Ou, J.-H., and Bell, K.D. 1990. Comparative studies of hepatitis B virus precore and core particles. Virology 174: 185– 191. 97Pasek, M., Goto, T., Gilbert, W., Zink, B., Schaller, H., MacKay, P., Leadbetter, G., and Murray, K. 1979. Hepatitis B virus genes and their expression in E. coli. Nature 282: 575– 579. 98Penna, A., Chisari, F.V., Bertoletti, A., Missale, G., Fowler, P., Giuberti, T., Fiaccadori, F., and Ferrari, C. 1991. Gytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize an HLA-A2-restricted epitope within the hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid antigen. J. Exp. Med. 174: 1565– 1570. 99Petit, M.-A., and Pillot, J. 1985. HBc and HBe antigenicity and DNA-binding activity of major core protein p22 in hepatitis B virus core particles isolated from the cytoplasm of human liver cells. J. Virol. 53: 543– 551. 100Pignatelli, M., Waters, J., Lever, A., Iwarson, S., Gerety, R., and Thomas, H.C. 1987. Cytotoxic T-cell responses to the nucleocapsid proteins of HBV in chronic hepatitis. Evidence that antibody modulation may cause protracted infection. J. Hepatol. 4: 15– 21. 101Pircher, H., Moskophidis, D., Rohrer, U., Burki, K., Hengartner, H., and Zinkernagel, R.R. 1990. Viral escape by selection of cytotoxic T cell-resistant variants in vivo. Nature 346: 629– 633. 102Pugh, J., Zweidler, A., and Summers, J. 1989. Characterization of the major duck hepatitis B virus core particle protein. J. Virol. 63: 1371– 1376. 103Realdi, G., Alberti, A., Rigge, M., Bortolotti, F., Rigoli, A.M., Tremolada, F., and Ruol, A. 1980. Seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen to anti-HBe in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Gastroenterology 79: 195– 199. 104Roossinck, M.J., Jameel, S., Loukin, S.H., and Siddiqui, A. 1986. Expression of hepatitis B viral core region in mammalian cells. J. Cell. Biol. 6: 1393– 1400. 105Roossinck, M.J., and Siddiqui, A. 1987. in vivo phosphorylation and protein analysis of hepatitis B virus core antigen. J. Virol. 61: 955– 961. 106Rotzschke, O., Falk, K., Deres, K., Schild, H., Norda, M., Metzger, J., Jung, G., and Rammensee, H.-G. 1990. Isolation of naturally processed viral peptides as recognized by cytotoxic T cells. Nature 348: 252– 254. 107Salfeld, J., Pfaff, E., Noah, M., and Schaller, H. 1989. Antigenic determinants and functional domains in core antigen and e antigen from hepatitis B virus. J. Virol. 63: 798– 808. 108Santantonio, T., Jung, M.-C, Schneider, R., Fernholz, D., Milella, M., Monno, L., Pastore, G., Pape, G.R., and Will, H. 1992. Hepatitis B virus genomes that cannot synthesize pre-S2 proteins occur frequently and as cominant virus populations in chronic carriers in Italy. Virology 188: 948– 952. 109Schlicht, H.-J., Salfeld, J., and Schaller, H. 1987. The duck hepatitis B virus pre-C region encodes a signal sequence which is essential for synthesis and secretion of processed core proteins but not for virus formation. J. Virol. 61: 3701– 3709. 110Schlicht, H.-J., and Schaller, H. 1989. The secretory core protein of human hepatitis B virus is expressed on the cell surface. J. Virol. 63: 5399– 5404. 111Schlicht, H.-J., and Wasenauer, G. 1991. The quaternary structure, antigenicity, and aggregational behavior of the secretory core protein of human hepatitis B virus are determined by its signal sequence. J. Virol. 65: 6817– 6825. 112Seeger, C., Ganem, D., and Varmus, H.E. 1986. Biochemical and genetic evidence for the hepatitis B virus replication strategy. Science 232: 477– 484. 113Shafritz, D.A., Liberman, H.M., Isselbacher, K.J., and Wands, J.R. 1982. Monoclonal radioimmunoassay for hepatitis B surface antigen: demonstration of hepatitis B virus DNA or related sequences in serum and viral epitopes in immune complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 79: 5675– 5679. 114Simonsen, C.C., and Levinson, A.D. 1983. Analysis of processing and polyadenylation signals of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen gene by using simian virus 40-hepatitis B virus chimeric plasmids. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3: 2250– 2258. 115Standring, D.N., Ou, J.-H., Masiarz, F.R., and Rutter, W.J. 1988. A signal peptide encoded within the precore region of hepatitis B virus directs the secretion of a heterogeneous population of e antigens in Xenopus oocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85: 8405– 8409. 116Steinhauer, D.A., and Holland, J.J. 1986. Direct method for quantitation of extreme polymerase error frequencies at selected single base sites in viral RNA. J. Virol. 57: 219– 228. 117Summers, J., and Mason, W.S. 1982. Replication of the genome of a hepatitis B like virus by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Cell 29: 403– 415. 118Suzuki, K., Uchida, T., and Shikata, T. 1987. Histopathological analysis of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in relation to HBV replication. Liver 7: 260– 270. 119Takahashi, K., Machida, A., Funatsu, G., Nomura, M., Usuda, S., Aoyagi, S., Tachibana, K., Miyamoto, H., Imai, M., Nakamura, T., Miyakawa, Y., and Mayumi, M. 1983. Immunochemical structure of hepatitis B e antigen in the serum. J. Immunol. 130: 2903– 2907. 120Takeda, K., Akahane, Y., Suzuki, H., Okamoto, H., Tsuda, F., Miyakawa, Y., and Mayumi, M. 1990. Defects in the precore region of the HBV genome in patients with chronic hepatitis B after sustained seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe induced spontaneously or with interferon therapy. Hepatology 12: 1285– 1289. 121Terazawa, S., Kojima, M., Yamanaka, T., Yotsumoto, S., Okamoto, H., Tsuda, F., Miyakawa, Y., and Mayumi, M. 1991. Hepatitis B virus mutants with precore-region defects in two babies with fulminant hepatitis and their mothers positive for antibody to hepatitis B e antigen. Pediatr. Res. 29: 5– 9. 122Thiers, U., Nakajima, E., Kremsdorf, D., Mack, D., Schellekens, H., Driss, F., Goudeau, A., Wands, J., Sninsky, J., Tiollais, P., and Brechot, C. 1988. Transmission of hepatitis-B-seronegative subjects. Lancet, ii: 1273– 1276. 123Thomas, H., Jacyna, M., Waters, J., and Main, J. 1988. Virus-host interaction in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Semin. Liver Dis. 8: 342– 349. 124Tiollais, P., Pourcel, C., and Dejean, A. 1985. The hepatitis B virus. Nature 317: 489– 495. 125Tong, S., Diot, C., Gripon, P., Li, J., Vitvitski, L., Trepo, C., and Guguen-Guillouzo, C. 1991. In vitro replication competence of a cloned hepatitis B virus variant with a nonsense mutation in the distal pre-C region. Virology 181: 733– 737. 126Tong, S.-P., Li, J.-S., Vitvitski, L., and Trepo, C. 1992. Replication capacities of natural and artificial precore stop codon mutants of hepatitis B virus: relevance of pregenome encapsulation signal. Virology 191: 237– 245. 127Tran, A., Kremsdorf, D., Capel, F., Housset, C., Dauguet, C., Petit, M.A., and Brechot, C. 1991. Emergence of and takeover by hepatitis B virus (HBV) with rearrangements in the pre-S/S and pre-C/C genes during chronic HBV infection. J. Virol. 65: 3566– 3574. 128Trepo, C.G., Robert, D., Motin, J., Trepo, D., Sepetjian, M., and Prince, A.M. 1976. Hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) and /or antibodies (anti-HBs and anti-HBc) in fulminant hepatitis: pathogenic and prognostic significance. Gut 17: 10– 13. 129Uchida, T. 1992. Hepatitis E: review. Gastroenterol. Jpn. 27: 688– 696. 130Uchida, T., Aye, T.T., Becker, S.O., Hirashima, M., Shikata, T., Komine, F., Moriyama, M., Arakawa, Y., Takase, S., and Mima, S. 1993. Detection of precore/core-mutant hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome in patients with acute or fulminant hepatitis without serological markers for recent HBV infection. J. Hepatol. (in press). 131Uy, A., Bruss, V., Gerlich, W.H., Kochel, H.G., and Thomssen, R. 1986. Precore sequence of hepatitis B virus inducing e antigen and membrane association of the viral core protein. Virology 155: 89– 96. 132Valenzuela, P., Quiroga, M., Zaldivar, J., Gray, P., and Rutter, W.J. 1981. The nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis B viral genome and identification of the major viral genes, p. 57–70. In B. Fields, R. Lalnish, and C.F. Fox, (eds), Animal viral genetics, Academic Press, New York. 133Van Bleek, G.M., and Nathenson, S.G. 1990. Isolation of an endogenously processed immunodominant viral peptide from the class I H-2Pb molecule. Nature 348: 213– 216. 134Wakita, T., Kakumu, S., Tsutsumi, Y., Yoshioka, K., Machida, A., and Mayumi, M. 1990. Gamma-interferon production in response to hepatitis B core protein and its synthetic peptides in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Digestion 47: 149– 155. 135Wakita, T., Kakumu, S., Shibata, M., Yoshioka, K., Ito, Y., Shinagawa, T., Ishikawa, T., Takayanagi, M., and Morishima, T. 1991. Detection of pre-C and core region mutants of hepatitis B virus in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. J. Clin. Invest. 88: 1793– 1801. 136Wang, Y.-J., Lee, S.-D., Wu, J.-C, and Lo, K.-J. 1991. Acute hepatitis B viral infection in a patient with anti-HBs. J. Med. Virol. 35: 133– 135. 137Wasenauer, G., Kock, J., and Schlicht, H.J. 1992. A cystein and hydrophobic sequence in the noncleaved portion of the pre-C leader peptide determine the biophysical properties of the secretory core protein (HBe protein) of human hepatitis B virus. J. Virol. 66: 5338– 5346. 138Wright, T.L., Mamish, D., Combs, C., Kim, M., Donegan, E., Ferrell, L., Lake, J., Roberts, J., and Ascher, N.L. 1992. Hepatitis B virus and apparent fulminant non-A, non-B hepatitis. Lancet i: 952– 955. 139Wu, J., Ko, Y., and Lui, W. 1988. Hepatitis B virus type 2. Lancet i: 990. 140Yamada, G., Takaguchi, K., Matsueda, K., Nishimoto, H., Takahashi, M., Fujiki, S., Mizuno, M., Kinoyama, S., and Tsuji, T. 1990. Immunoelectron microscopic observation of intrahepatic HBeAg in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 12: 133– 140. 141Yoshiba, M., Sekiyama, K., Sugata, F., Okamoto, H., Yamamoto, K., and Yotsumoto, S. 1992. Reactivation of precore mutant hepatitis B virus leading to fulminant hepatic failure following cytotoxic treatment. Dig. Dis. Sci. 37: 1253– 1259. 142Yotsumoto, S., Kojima, M., Shoji, I., Yamamoto, K., Okamoto, H., and Mishiro, S. 1992. Fulminant hepatitis related to transmission of hepatitis B variants with precore mutations between spouses. Hepatology 16: 31– 35. 143Zhou, S., and Standring, D.N. 1992. Cys residues of the hepatitis B virus capsid protein are not essential for the assembly of viral core particles but can influence their stability. J. Virol. 66: 5393– 5398. Citing Literature Volume37, Issue6June 1993Pages 425-439 ReferencesRelatedInformation" @default.
- W2051222174 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W2051222174 creator A5080090682 @default.
- W2051222174 date "1993-06-01" @default.
- W2051222174 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
- W2051222174 title "Genetic Variations of the Hepatitis B Virus and Their Clinical Relevance" @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1500976280 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1502882209 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1518231959 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1544473294 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1547425274 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1561081210 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1563437181 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1567218253 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1568336135 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1569611860 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1585184764 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1593081376 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1594706749 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1624197021 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1656291587 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1670204971 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1700156486 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1762842652 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1772246379 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1816183039 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1823076085 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1825341741 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1845679297 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1864161809 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1872095343 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1887371688 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1894278338 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1907095790 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1922003631 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1951551030 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1963707872 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1963875503 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1966238070 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1968913867 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1979471868 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1979659815 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1980211010 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1985437819 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1988697909 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1991207509 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1993455944 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1995316199 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1998772199 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1999289864 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W1999544313 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2002167962 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2002449463 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2005618705 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2006242328 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2006361951 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2009033378 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2009115410 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2011780704 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2013054809 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2018479084 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2019573644 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2020069565 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2020158775 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2020380359 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2020907705 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2021155438 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2022078848 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2022291864 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2024180247 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2026818820 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2027249976 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2034679908 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2037275756 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2041880635 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2042485922 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2043305511 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2045918479 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2046848640 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2046898131 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2046956651 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2047808466 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2053738348 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2056947674 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2058424177 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2059013644 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2059888761 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2060973344 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2063841466 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2066990091 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2067758651 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2068182899 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2073278760 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2075844981 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2076684492 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2078750081 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2080156814 @default.
- W2051222174 cites W2080187599 @default.