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• W2052809729 abstract "The form and spacing of single–growth spirals on the {010} faces of crystals of potassium hydrogen phthalate (KAP) grown from aqueous solution have been examined using ex situ atomic force microscopy. The height of all steps observed in this study was found to be 1.4 ± 0.2 nm, which corresponds to the height of a single unit cell in the b crystallographic direction. At low supersaturation (σ = 0.015) spirals exhibited three distinct types of step, one close to [001] and two parallel to sets of (101) directions which are non–equivalent due to the point group symmetry of the KAP structure. The observation of step orientations close to [001] was unexpected since this direction is not parallel to a strong periodic bond chain. The possibility that occurrence of such steps may be due to impurity effects is discussed. Either preferential retardation of steps close to this orientation or, possibly, anisotropic kink integration of impurities on the (101) steps may be responsible. The step spacing of the two sets of (101) steps differed greatly. The spacing of all steps decreased with supersaturation, giving an approximately linear dependence of slope, p, on ln(1+σ) up to a supersaturation of around 0.03. The step edge free energies for the two (101) step orientations were estimated to be 4 and 50 mJ m–2. Above a supersaturation of approximately 0.03 a large deviation from linear dependence was observed, the origin of which is unclear. In addition to the expected change in step spacing, the spiral shape was also found to change substantially with increasing supersaturation. All step orientations became progressively more rounded with increasing supersaturation, though the extent to which this occurred differed for each non–equivalent step orientation. The greatest degree of rounding occurred for orientations close to [001], while the narrowly spaced (101) steps showed only slight rounding. Potential mechanisms for these changes are discussed and confronted with experimental observations from crystals grown in nominally pure solutions and in the presence of intentional impurities. It is concluded that surface diffusion plays a key role in the process and that step roughening occurs with increasing supersaturation, leading to a change in the ratio of mean surface diffusion distance to interkink spacing. This results in a decrease in spiral polygonization as the supersaturation is raised." @default.
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• W2052809729 date "1999-11-08" @default.
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• W2052809729 title "Supersaturation-dependent polygonization of growth spirals during crystallization from solution investigated using atomic force microscopy" @default.
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• W2052809729 doi "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1999.0493" @default.
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