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• W2053109047 abstract "Reviewed by: Consonant Lenition in Korean and the Macro-Altaic Question John Whitman (bio) Consonant Lenition in Korean and the Macro-Altaic Question, by Samuel E. Martin. Honolulu: Center for Korean Studies, University of Hawai'i, 1996. Notes, bibliography, indexes, 163 pp. $20.00 paper. This will strike most readers as a peculiarly titled book, reminiscent of such famous juxtapositions as Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, with the difference that here the motorcycle maintenance comes before the Zen. Consonant lenition in Korean refers to a hypothesis about the sound system of what Martin calls proto-Korean, a prehistoric stage of the language recovered by a technique known among historical linguists as internal reconstruction. Discussion of this hypothesis comprises the bulk of the text (pp. 1-57) in this slim monograph, more than half of whose pages are devoted to notes (pp. 64-113), together with four indexes. The first index, Middle Korean and Ceyewu (Cheju) words, contains the most extensive reconstruction of proto-Korean in print. Martin's proto-Korean reconstructions include pitch accent (distinctive for nouns, largely not for verb stems), a vowel system with the same number of distinctions as in the han'gŭl texts of the fifteenth century, and a consonant system [End Page 201] also identical to fifteenth-century L(ate) M(iddle) K(orean) (to follow the periodization due to Ki-Moon Lee 1972), with the exception that LMK [β] , some instances of [r] , [z] , and a consonant reconstructed by Lee as [γ], are treated by Martin as secondary developments from proto-Korean *p, *t, *s, and *k. This last is the consonant lenition hypothesis. Macro-Altaic is Martin's label for a conception of the Altaic language family that adds Korean and perhaps Japanese to the original grouping of Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic developed in the first half of the century largely by the great Finnish Mongolist J. G. Ramstedt. Martin's take on the validity of an Altaic grouping including Korean is likely to be the main point of interest in this book for Korea studies specialists in general and indeed most linguists outside of the small circle of Korean historical specialists. Seven pages are devoted to the Macro-Altaic hypothesis (pp. 57-63), although numerous proposed etymologies involving Korean and Altaic languages (among an assortment of Eurasian languages including Ainu, Chuckchi, Eskimo, Finnish, Hungarian, and Nivkh) are discussed in the notes. Nonspecialists should not be misled by the presence of this etymological material (much of it discussed with the critical slant it deserves), nor should they look for a simple pronouncement from Martin for or against the Altaic affiliation of Korean or the status of Altaic as a language family. The agenda in this book is a different one, in fact implied by the odd title: Martin argues that until we have a clear understanding of such basic issues as the shape of the consonant system in earlier Korean, work comparing Korean with other potentially related languages is likely to be flawed. The lenition hypothesis provides a historical explanation for the opposition faced by learners of Korean when they confront the difference between p-irregular verbal stems such as kwup-ta'bakes' (here and below I follow Martin's Yale romanization for modern Seoul and Late Middle Korean) versus regular stems ending in -p such as kwup-ta is bent'. The variable behavior of stem-final -p in the former class in modern Seoul is prefigured by the Late Middle Korean paradigm: LMK Modern Seoul :kwup-.kwo kwu:p-ko 'bakes and' kwu.W-e kwuw-e 'bake' kwup-.kwo kwup-ko 'is bent and' kwu.p-e kwup-e 'is bent' /W/ represents the voiced labial fricative [β], which has further lenited to the labial glide /w/ in modern Seoul. The consonant lenition hypothesis [End Page 202] claims that p-irregular verbs such as kwup-ta 'bake' originally had stems of two syllables: Proto-Korean LMK *kwup.u + .kwo > :kwup-.kwo 'bakes and' *kwup.u + .e > kwu.W-e bake When an original disyllabic stem such as *kwup.u 'bake' was followed by a consonant-initial suffix such as gerundive -kwo, the vowel in the second syllable dropped; its high pitch..." @default.
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• W2053109047 date "2000-01-01" @default.
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• W2053109047 title "Consonant Lenition in Korean and the Macro-Altaic Question (review)" @default.
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• W2053109047 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2000.0019" @default.
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