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• W2053447783 abstract "Reviewed by: Presumptive meanings by Stephen C. Levinson Alessandro Capone Presumptive meanings. By Stephen C. Levinson. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000. Pp. xxiii, 480. Cloth $85.00, paper $35.00. Presumptive meanings is a most intriguing book on the semantics/pragmatics interface and on the syntax/pragmatics interface in which Levinson successfully demonstrates the pervasive role played by pragmatic inference in a theory of language. The first two chapters offer a systematic and persuasive presentation of the rationale of generalized conversational implicatures in terms of the Q-, I-, and M-principles. Q-implicatures are those generated by the use of the least informative member of a Horn-scale, which is generally taken to implicate that the stronger item is not applicable (e.g. some implicates not all). I-implicatures are inferential enrichments due to world knowledge or to knowledge of the context in which an expression is used and reflect a tendency to economize and to provide no more information than is necessary to the recovery of a message (e.g. John opened the door and he came in implicates that he refers to what John refers to). M-implicatures are inferences triggered by the use of a more prolix expression instead of a less marked expression (the two expressions forming the M-contrast must be coextensive). The more marked expression implicates that the I-implicature associated with the least marked expression does not obtain (e.g. John caused the car to stop implicates that he stopped the car in an unordinary manner). L establishes the importance of pragmatic inference in the process of utterance interpretation and clearly establishes the need for pragmatics both in the process of stating the exact truth conditions of a statement (given that truth conditions are often underspecified) as well as in the area of anaphora, where syntactic knowledge interacts with pragmatic knowledge in order to establish the correct links between an anaphor and its antecedent. The importance of the book lies in its having developed a very sophisticated pragmatic theory of generalized conversational implicature (inferences generated in a default context) that takes into account recent advances in pragmatic research and proposes a highly formalized (yet intelligible) model of analysis and explains how fully evaluable propositional forms are derived from semantically incomplete forms. It also lies in having clearly demonstrated that languages are very different with respect to anaphoric phenomena and that some languages are more pragmatically oriented than others. The treatment of anaphora in languages like Guugu Yimithirr is very interesting and points to some presumed deficiencies in Noam Chomsky’s theory of grammar. Furthermore, if L’s claim that grammatical anaphors (in languages such as English) develop from bare pronominals is correct, the book is likely to have important ramifications in historical linguistics, and it is likely to inspire important research in this area with reference to all the major European languages. L’s book starts with lexical inferences and progresses towards an explanation of how sentence semantics is inseparably interconnected with pragmatics and finally towards an explanation of anaphora. Having dealt with lexical inferences in the first two chapters, in Ch. 3, L deals with the semantics/pragmatics debate and claims that pragmatic inferences end up embedded in semantic representations causing pragmatic ‘intrusion’. L, like Grice, recognizes that what is said is dependent on reference resolution, indexical fixing, and disambiguation, but he makes the bolder claim that generalized conversational implicatures are also part of what is said, that is, they end up embedded in semantic representations. In fact, on p. 178 he challenges the view that indexicals require no inferential resolution and that the assignment of indexical values has nothing to do with pragmatic inference. He provides some examples that seem to prove this, such as Take those three drinks to the three people over there. According to him, the inference required to understand the demonstrative is exactly three. He says that, in the absence of gesture, in the context where there are two sets of glasses (one set has exactly three glasses, the other has exactly four), the demonstrative expression those three glasses could designate both sets of glasses; yet the utterance is felicitous because the hearer would use a quantity..." @default.
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• W2053447783 date "2001-01-01" @default.
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• W2053447783 title "Presumptive Meanings (review)" @default.
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• W2053447783 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2001.0135" @default.
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