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• W2053993606 abstract "The genus Leptodactylus is predominantly Neotropical (a few species have colonized the southern Neartic region) and is distributed from Texas to Argentina and on certain Caribbean islands. Leptodactylus was divided into five groups of species: Leptodactylus melanonotus, Leptodactylus ocellatus, Leptodactylus fuscus, Leptodactylus pentadactylus and Leptodactylus marmoratus. Among these, the L. fuscus group is the one with most species, with 27 taxa. Characters unverified in most of the species are used to define the L. fuscus group. However, the monophyly of the group has never been tested rigorously in a quantitative phylogenetic context. Thus, the main goal of this study was to test such monophyly and to construct a phylogeny of the L. fuscus group. A matrix of 114 characters scored across 43 taxa was constructed, with 31 characters taken from external morphology, 58 from adult skeletons, 16 from larval chondrocranium, 5 from ethology and 4 from morphometric data were included. Out of all the species examined, 23 belonged to the ingroup and 20 to the outgroup. The data set was analysed with implied weights, by using TNT software. The monophyly of the group was strongly supported in the fittest cladogram obtained. The optimizations of some characters on this hypothesis support traditional evolutionary hypotheses. The optimizations also suggest the presence of paedomorphic character states in some species, which is also discussed. El género Leptodactylus es predominantemente Neotropical (pocas especies han colonizado el sur de la región Neártica) y está distribuido desde Texas a la Argentina y en ciertas islas del Caribe. Actualmente Leptodactylus está dividido en cuatro grupos de especies (los grupos L. fuscus, L. melanonotus, L. ocellatus y L. pentadactylus). Entre ellos, el grupo L. fuscus es el más abundante, con 27 taxa. Caracteres no verificados para la mayoría de las especies definen al grupo L. fuscus. La monofilia del grupo nunca ha sido testeada rigurosamente en un contexto filogenético. El principal objetivo de este trabajo fue testear la monofilia y proponer una filogenia para el grupo fuscus. Además se realizó una descripción osteológica del grupo fuscus. Se construyó una matriz con 114 caracteres y 43 taxones. Se incluyeron 31 caracteres de morfología externa, 58 de osteología, 16 de condrocráneo, cinco etológicos y cuatro morfométricos. Entre las especies estudiadas 23 pertenecen al grupo interno y 20 al grupo externo. El set de datos fue analizado considerando a los caracteres bajo pesos implicados, usando el programa TNT. La monofilia del grupo es soportada en el cladograma de mayor ajuste obtenido. La optimización de algunos caracteres soporta hipótesis evolutivas tradicionales. Las optimizaciones también permitieron detectar caracteres pedomórficos en algunas especies. Fig. S1. A. Leptodactylus elenae, C0:0 (longitudinal mid-dorsal stripe absent), C4:1 (2–4 dorsolateral folds). B. Leptodactylus fuscus, C0:2 (longitudinal mid-dorsal stripe present, to the extreme of snout), C4:2 (6 dorsolateral folds). Fig. S2. A. Leptodactylus elenae: C1:0 (distinct lateral cephalic stripe), C10:0 (dark stripe on the upper lip well defined); C12:0 (dark-coloured canthal and supratympanic stripe from nostril to shoulder present), C15:0 (postympanic gland not pigmented). B Leptodactylus bufonius: C1:1 (indistinct lateral cephalic stripe), C10:1 (dark stripe on the upper lip absent), C12:1 (dark-coloured canthal and supratympanic stripe from nostril to shoulder not well delimited or absent), C 15:1 (postympanic gland pigmented in males). Fig. S3. A. Leptodactylus bufonius: C2:0 (light-coloured stripe in the posterior surfaces of the thigh indistinct). B. Leptodactylus elenae: C2:1 (light-coloured stripe in the posterior surfaces of the thigh distinctive). Fig. S4. A. Telmatobius pisanoi, C20:1 (fingers without fringes). B. Hylodes nasus, C20:0 (fingers with fringes). Fig. S5. A. Leptodactylus latinasus, C64:0 (vomers separated). B. Leptodactylus mystacinus, C64:1 (vomers contiguous or in contact). C. Leptodactylus didymus, C31:0 (hypertrophy of the mandibular symphysis absent), C32:0 (serrations of dentary absent). D. Leptodactylus troglodytes, C31:1 (hypertrophy of the mandibular symphysis present), C32:1 (Odontoids of dentary present). Scale line: 2 mm. Fig. S6. (A) Leptodactylus didymus, C33:1 (alary processes of premaxilla dorsally directed), C40:1 (anterior extreme of maxilla with a lateral prolongation). (B) Ceratophrys cranwelli, C33:0 (alary processes of premaxilla posterodorsally directed). (C) Engystomops pustulosus, C33:2 (alary processes of premaxilla anterodorsally directed), C40:0 (anterior extreme of maxilla straight). (D) Leptodactylus didymus, C35:0 (base of alary processes of premaxilla sub-equal or narrower than the extreme). E. Engystomops pustulosus, C35:1 (base of alary processes of premaxilla broader than the extreme). Scale line: 2 mm. Fig. S7. (A) Hylodes nasus, C59:0 (cultriform process of parasphenoid with keel), C60:0 (cultriform process of parasphenoid anteriorly expanded). (B) Engystomops pustulosus, C60:2 (cultriform process of parasphenoid posteriorly expanded). (C) Leptodactylus mystacinus, C59:1 (cultriform process of parasphenoid without keel), C60:1 (cultriform process of parasphenoid expanded in the middle area). (D) Leptodactylus didymus, C34:0 (upper half of the alary processes of premaxillae aligned with the main axis of alary process. (E) Telmatobius pisanoi, C34:1 (upper half of the alary process of premaxilla slightly directed outwards and not divided, although the extremity can be divided). (F) Hylodes nasus, C34:2 (upper half of the alary process of premaxilla is directed outwards at an angle of approximately 45º; it ends in two acute processes). Scale line: 2 mm. Fig. S8. (A) Leptodactylus latinasus, C37:0 (pars facialis of maxilla ends before level of neopalatines). (B) Leptodactylus didymus, C37:1 (pars facialis of maxilla ends at level of neopalatines). (C) Leptodactylus chaquensis, C37:2 (pars facialis of maxilla ends behind level of neopalatines). (D) Leptodactylus elenae, 52:0 (nasals broadly separated), C54:0 (maxillary process of nasals slightly differentiated of nasal body). (E) Leptodactylus gracilis, C52:1 (nasals contiguous or in contact in the middle or anterior zone), C53:0 (anterior border of nasals with deep concavity). (F) Leptodactylus labrosus, C52:2 (nasals contiguous or in contact along its inner border), C53:1 (anterior border of nasals slightly concave), C54:1 (maxillary process of nasals well differentiated from the nasal body). Scale line: 2 mm. Fig. S9. (A) Leptodactylus mystacinus, C41:0 (tectum nasi posterior to the alary processes of premaxillae), C 42:0 (anterior border of tectum nasi straight). (B) Leptodactylus gracilis, C41:1 (tectum nasi at the same level of the alary processes of premaxillae), C42:1 (anterior border of tectum nasi with a slightly developed projection). (C) Leptodactylus bufonius, C41:2 (tectum nasi anterior to the alary processes of premaxillae), C42:2 (anterior border of tectum nasi with a well differentiated projection). Scale line: 2 mm. Fig. S10. Leptodactylus elenae, C47:0 (without posterolateral projection of frontoparietals or minimal, such as a swelling). (B) Leptodactylus chaquensis, C47:1 (posterolateral projection of frontoparietals distinctive, relatively short). Scale line: 2 mm. Fig. S11. (A) Leptodactylus mystacinus, C77:1 (intercotylar region straight). (B) Ceratophrys cranwelli, C77:2 (intercotylar region convex). (C) Leptodactylus mystaceus, C77:0 (intercotylar region concave). (D) Leptodactylus labialis, C46:0 (frontoparietal fontanelle not totally covered by frontoparietals), C48:0 (posterior margin of frontoparietal concave), C50:0 (frontoparietals paired). (E) Leptodactylus elenae, C46:1 (frontoparietal fontanelle completely covered by frontoparietals), C48:1 (posterior margin of frontoparietal straight), C49:0 (anterior portion of frontoparietals of uniform width). (F) Leptodactylus latinasus, C48:2 (posterior margin of frontoparietal convex). (G) Telmatobius pisanoi, C48:3 (posterior margin of frontoparietal protuberant), C50:1 (frontoparietals single, without space or suture that divided the frontoparietals in the posterior half). (H) Engystomops pustulosus, C49:1 (anterior portion of frontoparietals gradually expanding towards posterior plane). Fig. S12. (A) Leptodactylus mystaceus, C72:0 (anterodorsal process of hyoid: narrow, stalk-like), C73:0 (anteromedial process absent), C74:1 (extreme of posterolateral process of hyoid: rounded expansion). (B) Leptodactylus lineatus, C72:1 (anterodorsal process of hyoid: broad base), C73:1 (anteromedial process present), C74:2 (extreme of posterolateral process of hyoid: expanded, posterior border concave), C76:0 (shape of posteromedial process of hyoid: distal end expanded). (C) Engystomops pustulosus, C72:2 (anterodorsal process of hyoid: wing-like), C74:0 (extreme of posterolateral process of hyoid: acute), C76:1 (posteromedial process of hyoid of uniform width). (D) Leptodactylus labrosus, C53:1 (anterior border of nasals slightly concave), C56:0 (shape of nasals: triangular). (E) Engystomops pustulosus, C53:2 (anterior border of nasals straight), C56:1 (shape of nasals: rhomboidal). (F) Telmatobius pisanoi, C53:3 (anterior border of nasals slightly convex or irregular), C56:2 (shape of nasals: claw-shape). Scale line: 2 mm. Fig. S13. (A) Leptodactylus labrosus, C55:1 (postero-internal angle of nasals close to each other or in contact with frontoparietals). (B) Leptodactylus bufonius, C55:0 (postero-internal angle of nasals broadly separated from frontoparietals). Scale line: 2 mm. Fig. S14. (A) Leptodactylus latinasus, C61:0 (vomerine teeth in a straight line), C62:1 (dentigerous process: horizontal). (B) Leptodactylus mystacinus, C61:1 (vomerine teeth in an arched series). (C) Leptodactylus andreae, C62:0 (dentigerous process of vomer: diagonal). Scale line: 2 mm. Fig. S15. (A) Leptodactylus gracilis, C68:1 (otic ramus of squamosal wider than zygomatic ramus), C69:1 (otic ramus of squamosal reaches the border of parotic crista). (B) Leptodactylus longirostris, C68:2 (otic ramus of squamosal narrower than zygomatic ramus), C69:2 (otic ramus of squamosal overlap to the parotic crista). (C) Leptodactylus bufonius, C68:1 (otic ramus of squamosal as broad as zygomatic ramus), C69:0 (otic ramus of squamosal does not contact with the parotic crista). Scale line: 2 mm. Fig. S16. (A) Leptodactylus chaquensis, C85:0 (humeral crista in males present). (B) Leptodactylus didymus, C85:1 (humeral crista in males absent). Scale line: 2 mm. Fig. S17. (A) Leptodactylus chaquensis, C86:0 (terminal phalanges: rounded or knobbed). (B) Leptodactylus mystaceus, C86:1 (terminal phalanges: rounded and bifurcate). (C) Leptodactylus lineatus, C86:2 (terminal phalanges: T-shape). Scale line: 2 mm. Fig. S18. (A) Telmatobius pisanoi, C87:0 (angle between anterior acetabular expansion and ilial shaft: 90º). (B) Leptodactylus mystacinus, C87:1 (angle between anterior acetabular expansion and ilial shaft: less than 90º). (C) Leptodactylus latinasus, C78:1 (neural spine of vertebrae I–V: not imbricates). (D) Leptodactylus mystacinus, C78:2 (neural spine of vertebrae I–V: imbricates). Scale line: 2 mm. Fig. S19. (A) Leptodactylus didymus, C80:0 (xiphisternum: trapezoidal or semicircle). (B) Leptodactylus lineatus, C80:1 (xiphisternum: V-shape). (C) Engystomops pustulosus, C80:2 (xiphisternum: double). (D) Hylodes nasus, C80:4 (xiphisternum: sub-rectangle). (E) Crossodactylus gaudichaudii, C80:5 (xiphisternum: mineralized and quadrangular anterior region, with two posterior cartilaginous prolongations). Fig. S20. (A) Leptodactylus mystacinus, C58:0 cultriform process of parasphenoid between neopalatines). (B) Leptodactylus andreae, C58:1 (cultriform process of parasphenoid does not reach neopalatines). (C) Leptodactylus jolyi, C81:0 (posterior half of mesosternum of uniform width). (D) Leptodactylus didymus, C81:1 (expanded, but markedly narrower than the anterior extreme). (E) Leptodactylus lineatus, C81:2 (almost as expanded as the anterior extreme). (F) Engystomops pustulosus, C81:3 (posterior half of mesosternum: bifid). Scale line: 2 mm. Appendix S1. Species and material examined for morphological data collection. Appendix S2. External morphology characters: osteological characters, characters of larval chondrocranium (Larson and De Sá 1998), ethological characters, morphometric characters (Heyer 1978). Appendix S3. Data matrix. Please note: Blackwell Publishing are not responsible for the content or functionality of any supplementary materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article." @default.
• W2053993606 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2053993606 date "2008-08-01" @default.
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• W2053993606 title "Cladistic analysis and osteological descriptions of the frog species in the<i>Leptodactylus fuscus</i>species group (Anura, Leptodactylidae)" @default.
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• W2053993606 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00460.x" @default.
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