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• W20542186 abstract "The worldwide transfer of non-indigenous invasive aquatic organisms via ships'ballast water and shellfish translocation has been widely shown to cause significantecological, economic and human health impacts. In 2004 the International MaritimeOrganisation (IMO) adopted the International Convention for the Control andManagement of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments. This legislation (still to beratified) requires all ships to introduce by 2016 approved systems capable of treatingballast water to strict microbial standards. The latter has reinvigorated interest in theapplication of chemical biocides, because mechanical separation and physicaltreatment are unable to kill bacteria. The present work examined the effectiveness ofseveral proposed chemical ballast water treatment options using toxic dinoflagellateresting cysts, vegetative marine microalgae and bacteria as model organisms.The chemicals tested included the ballast water biocides Peraclean®Ocean andSeaKleen®, the chlorine dioxide biocide Vibrex ®and the hull antifouling agentEconea®. All biocide tests were conducted using filtered seawater (28 %o) and naturalestuarine water ranging in salinity from 23.7-28.6%o. Peraclean®Ocean wasbiodegradable within 2-6 weeks, could effectively eliminate vegetative microalgae at100 ppm, inactivated resting cysts of marine dinoflagellates (Gymnodiniumcatenatum, Alexandrium catenella, A. pseudogonyaulax, Protoceratium reticulatum)at 200-2000 ppm, and could control bacterial growth of Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria innocua and Vibrio alginolyticus at 125-250 ppm.SeaKleen®eliminated vegetative microalgae at 2 ppm and could controldinoflagellate cysts at 6-20 ppm but displayed poor bactericidal properties (100-200ppm required) and poor biodegradability. The burial of dinoflagellate cysts in 0.5 and1 mm of ballast tank sediment severely reduced the effectiveness of Peraclean ®Ocean and SeaKleen®. Vibrex®is not a suitable treatment option due to the need forhydrochloric acid as an activator, however it was found to be the most effectiveagainst bacteria (complete inhibition at 15 ppm) indicating that onboard chlorinedioxide generators may provide an effective bacterial treatment. Econea®controlledvegetative microalgae at 0.5 ppm but failed to inactivate G. catenatum cysts even at aconcentration of 1000 ppm, suggesting that the product lacks the penetrability required to infiltrate the walls of dinoflagellate cysts. The applicability of ballastwater biocides is limited by factors such as cost, biological effectiveness, reducedefficacy in the presence of sediments and lower water temperatures (6°C comparedto 17°C), and possible residual toxicity of the discharged ballast water.Translocation of bivalve shellfish for outgrowing purposes or to establish newshellfisheries also poses a significant risk for transport of harmful algae. This studyshowed that viable microalgal cells of A. catenella, Cryptoperidiniopsis brodyi, G.catenatum, Karenia papilionacea, Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, Pfiesteriashumwayae and cysts of G. catenatum can readily pass through the digestive tract ofadult Pacific oysters and blue mussels. Several treatment options currently used byshellfish farmers for controlling fouling and pathogens were tested against Pacificoysters. Vegetative cells of A. catenella, G. catenatum and K. fohaceum could not beeliminated from the digestive tract of Pacific oysters following 24 h immersion infreshwater or by 48 h exposure to hydrogen peroxide (400-600 ppm) or chlorinedioxide (40-60 ppm). Depuration in filtered seawater for 7 days was identified as theonly effective treatment option. Recommendations for future research, along withpotential alternative treatment options, are identified and discussed." @default.
• W20542186 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W20542186 date "2009-01-01" @default.
• W20542186 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W20542186 title "Treatment options to mitigate transport of harmful algal species and pathogens via ships' ballast water and shellfish translocation" @default.
• W20542186 hasPublicationYear "2009" @default.
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