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• W2054676543 abstract "Travel times and amplitudes of refracted and reflected arrivals observed during GLIMPCE (Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution) from the Midcontinent Rift in Lake Superior have been modeled using two-dimensional ray-tracing techniques. Forward modeling was used to iteratively refine an initial velocity model that was constructed from results of tau-sum analysis of the travel-time data at each station combined with information from a coincident common midpoint (CMP) reflection profile. When converted to time, the resulting model agrees quite well with the CMP reflection profile. Within the central graben of the Midcontinent Rift, approximately 2 km of sedimentary rock (2.8–4.6 km/s) overlie an 8-km-thick sequence of volcanics and interflow sediments (5.0–6.5 km/s) within the central rift graben observed on the reflection data. Beneath this sequence is a 6–8-km-thick sequence of 6.6–7.0 km/s material interpreted to represent metamorphosed volcanics. The velocity of the material at the base of the rift graben is not well constrained (approx. 7.0–7.2 km/s), but probably comprises an additional 10–12 km of metavolcanic rocks and intrusions that extend to the base of the graben as imaged on the coincident seismic reflection profile. The central graben is ranked by reverse faults, the Isle Royal and Keweenawan faults, that probably represent normal faults associated with graben formation that were reactivated during the late Precambrian. A 50–100 ms time advance anomaly associated with the Isle Royal fault is observed at every station. This anomaly has been modeled as shallow, high-velocity blocks located directly beneath the fault. The blocks correlate well with the walls of a steep-sided bathymetric trough and are believed to represent highly indurated upper Keweenawan sediments resulting from hydrothermal alteration. A marked decrease in the apparent velocity and amplitude of the first arrivals is observed on reversed sections at offsets exceeding 100 km, and has been modeled as pre-rift continental crustal rocks with a velocity of about 6.5 km/s adjacent to the 7.0 km/s material in the graben. Calculation of the gravity response of the seismic model demonstrates that the gravity high centered over the rift can be entirely attributed to high-density rocks occupying the central half-graben imaged on the CMP profile. Wide-angle reflections from about 15–30 km depth beneath the flanks of the graben indicate the presence of velocity discontinuities that may represent rift-related detachment surfaces and/or pre-rift structures within the pre-rift crust. Additional wide-angle reflections define the top and bottom of high-velocity lower-crustal layer. The high-velocity lower-crustal layer is thickest beneath the rift graben and is interpreted to represent magmatic material underplated to the crust during rifting, as discussed by Tréhu et al. (1991). Total crustal thickness beneath the lake varies from about 55 km beneath the graben to about 35 km beneath the southern shore and 40 km beneath the northern shore." @default.
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• W2054676543 date "1993-10-01" @default.
• W2054676543 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2054676543 title "Crustal structure of the central graben of the Midcontinent Rift beneath Lake Superior" @default.
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• W2054676543 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90303-2" @default.
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