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- W2055976997 abstract "During brain injury, extracellular adenosine and glutamate levels increase rapidly and dramatically. We hypothesized that local glutamate levels in the brain dictates the adenosine–adenosine A 2A receptor (A 2A R) effects on neuroinflammation and brain damage outcome. Here, we showed that, in the presence of low concentrations of glutamate, the A 2A R agonist 3-[4-[2-[[6-amino-9-[(2 R ,3 R ,4 S ,5 S )-5-(ethylcarbamoyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-oxolan-2-yl]purin-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]propanoic acid (CGS21680) inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity of cultured microglial cells, an effect that was dependent on the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. However, in high concentrations of glutamate, CGS21680 increased LPS-induced NOS activity in a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent manner. Thus, increasing the local level of glutamate redirects A 2A R signaling from the PKA to the PKC pathway, resulting in a switch in A 2A R effects from antiinflammatory to proinflammatory. In a cortical impact model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice, brain water contents, behavioral deficits, and expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 mRNAs, and inducible NOS were attenuated by administering CGS21680 at post-TBI time when brain glutamate levels were low, or by administering the A 2A R antagonist ZM241385 [4-(2-{[5-amino-2-(2-furyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-7-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol] at post-TBI time when brain glutamate levels were elevated. Furthermore, pre-TBI treatment with the glutamate release inhibitor ( S )-4C3HPG [( S )-4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine] converted the debilitating effect of CGS21680 administered at post-TBI time with high glutamate level to a neuroprotective effect. This further indicates that the switch in the effect of A 2A R activation in intact animals from antiinflammatory to proinflammatory is dependent on glutamate concentration. These findings identify a novel role for glutamate in modulation of neuroinflammation and brain injury via the adenosine–A 2A R system." @default.
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- W2055976997 date "2010-04-21" @default.
- W2055976997 modified "2023-10-12" @default.
- W2055976997 title "Local Glutamate Level Dictates Adenosine A<sub>2A</sub>Receptor Regulation of Neuroinflammation and Traumatic Brain Injury" @default.
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- W2055976997 doi "https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0268-10.2010" @default.
- W2055976997 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3842468" @default.
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