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- W2056571265 abstract "The hyperneural muscle extends longitudinally in the abdomen dorsally to the nerve cord. It is innervated (1) by the six abdominal transverse nerves branching in pairs from the median nerves, (2) by the 7th transverse nerves arising from the terminal ganglion and (3) by the ramus hyperneuromuscularis of the nerve VIII A1 of the terminal ganglion. The results of this study document that the hyperneural muscle is under antagonistic neuronal control comparable to the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of internal organs in vertebrates. Stimulation via the transverse nerve 2, transverse nerve 7 or nerve VIII results in a sustained contraction of the hyperneural muscle. In contrast, stimulation via the transverse nerves 3, 4, 5, or 6 induces a drastic relaxation of the muscle. The only factors known initiating a contraction of the muscle are neuropeptides, namely proctolin and corazonin. None of the “classic” transmitters tested causes a contraction of the muscle under isometric conditions. Acetycholine, taurine, histamine and glycine in concentration of 10−5 mol/l had no effect at all. GABA, glutamate, 5-HT, octopamine, dopamine and noradrenaline all have a relaxing effect on the muscle. The sequence of decreasing effectiveness was: OA > NA > 5-HT > DA = Glu > GABA. Octopamine is by far the most effective relaxing transmitter at this muscle. In accordance, the most effective octopamine antagonists, e.g. maroxepine and mianserin, are also the most effective inhibitors of the relaxation electrically evoked via transverse nerve 5. The pharmacological properties of the octopamine receptors lying on the hyperneural muscle indicate that they resemble the octopamine-1 class of receptors. The cholinergic antagonists scopolamine, azamethonium and atropine as well as the GABA-antagonists bicuculline, muscimol and baclofen were ineffective. None of the antagonists tested had any inhibiting or potentiating effect on the electrically via transverse nerve 7 evoked contractions of the muscle showing us that in this activating process biogenic amines or other “classic” transmitters are not integrated. Summarizing, we can conclude that the inactivating mediator at the hyperneural muscle is surely octopamine while the activating mediator is most probably proctolin." @default.
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- W2056571265 date "1994-01-01" @default.
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- W2056571265 title "Antagonistic control of the hyperneural muscle in Periplaneta americana (L.) (Insecta, Blattaria)" @default.
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- W2056571265 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(94)90110-4" @default.
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