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• W2056750804 abstract "The interaction between “switch I/effector domain” of Ha-Ras and the Ras-binding domain (RBD, amino acid 51-131) of Raf-1 is essential for signal transduction. However, the importance of the “activator domain” (approximately corresponding to amino acids 26-28 and 40-49) of Ha-Ras and of the “cysteine-rich region” (CRR, amino acids 152-184) of Raf-1 have also been proposed. Here, we found that Raf-1 CRR interacts directly with Ha-Ras independently of RBD and that participation of CRR is necessary for efficient Ras-Raf binding. Furthermore, Ha-Ras carrying mutations (N26G and V45E) in the activator domain failed to bind CRR, whereas they bound RBD normally. On the contrary, Ha-Ras carrying mutations in the switch I/effector domain exhibited severely reduced ability to bind RBD, whereas their ability to bind CRR was unaffected. Mutants that bound to either RBD or CRR alone failed to activate Raf-1. Ha-Ras without post-translational modifications, which lacks the ability to activate Raf-1, selectively lost the ability to bind CRR. These results suggest that the activator domain of Ha-Ras participates in activation of Raf-1 through interaction with CRR and that post-translational modifications of Ha-Ras are required for this interaction. The interaction between “switch I/effector domain” of Ha-Ras and the Ras-binding domain (RBD, amino acid 51-131) of Raf-1 is essential for signal transduction. However, the importance of the “activator domain” (approximately corresponding to amino acids 26-28 and 40-49) of Ha-Ras and of the “cysteine-rich region” (CRR, amino acids 152-184) of Raf-1 have also been proposed. Here, we found that Raf-1 CRR interacts directly with Ha-Ras independently of RBD and that participation of CRR is necessary for efficient Ras-Raf binding. Furthermore, Ha-Ras carrying mutations (N26G and V45E) in the activator domain failed to bind CRR, whereas they bound RBD normally. On the contrary, Ha-Ras carrying mutations in the switch I/effector domain exhibited severely reduced ability to bind RBD, whereas their ability to bind CRR was unaffected. Mutants that bound to either RBD or CRR alone failed to activate Raf-1. Ha-Ras without post-translational modifications, which lacks the ability to activate Raf-1, selectively lost the ability to bind CRR. These results suggest that the activator domain of Ha-Ras participates in activation of Raf-1 through interaction with CRR and that post-translational modifications of Ha-Ras are required for this interaction. Ras belongs to a family of small GTP-binding proteins and plays essential roles in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation (for a review, see (1.Satoh T. Nakafuku T. Kaziro Y. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 24149-24152Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar)). Like other GTP-binding proteins, the GTP-bound form of Ras is active and able to interact with its effectors whereas the GDP-bound form is not. X-ray crystallographic studies showed that, on the protein surface of mammalian Ha-Ras, the conformation of two regions named “switch I” (Asp30-Asp38) and “switch II” (Gly60-Glu76) (Fig. 1A) changes significantly depending on the nature of bound guanine nucleotide(2.Milburn M.V. Tong L. deVos A.M. Brunger A. Yamaizumi Z. Nishimura S. Kim S.-H. Science. 1990; 247: 939-945Crossref PubMed Scopus (849) Google Scholar, 3.Pai E.F. Krengel U. Petsko G.A. Goody R.S. Kabsch W. Wittinghofer A. EMBO J. 1990; 9: 2351-2359Crossref PubMed Scopus (966) Google Scholar). The switch I overlaps with the “effector domain” (Tyr32-Tyr40) identified by mutational studies as a region essential for effector activation but not for GTPase activity and membrane localization, and is thought to mediate GTP-dependent interaction with effectors(4.Sigal I.S. Gibbs J.B. D'Alonzo J.S. Scolnick E.M. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1986; 83: 4725-4729Crossref PubMed Scopus (199) Google Scholar, 5.Stone J.C. Vass W.C. Willumsen B.M. Lowy D.R. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1988; 8: 3565-3569Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar). However, residues (Asn26, Tyr40, Val45, and Gly48) flanking the switch I have also been shown to be critical for effector activation(6.Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Shirouzu M. Koide H. Nishimura S. Yokoyama S. FEBS Lett. 1991; 294: 187-190Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar, 7.Marshall M.S. Davis L.J. Keys R.D. Mosser S.D. Hill W.S. Scolnick E.M. Gibbs J.B. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1991; 11: 3997-4004Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar, 8.Nur-E-Kamal M.S.A. Sizeland A. D'Abaco G. Maruta H. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 1415-1418Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 9.Shirouzu M. Koide H. Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Oshio H. Toyama Y. Yamasaki K. Fuhrman S.A. Villafranca E. Kaziro Y. Yokoyama S. Oncogene. 1994; 9: 2153-2157PubMed Google Scholar). These residues have been proposed to constitute the “activator domain” (Fig. 1A) (for a review, see (10.Marshall M.S. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1993; 18: 250-254Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (194) Google Scholar)). Additional residues (Lys42, Ile46, and Glu49) belonging to this domain have been identified recently by Fujita-Yoshigaki et al.(11.Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Shirouzu M. Ito Y. Hattori S. Furuyama S. Nishimura S. Yokoyama S. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 4661-4667Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar). The activator domain is also exposed on the surface of Ha-Ras but its conformation is not much altered by GDP/GTP exchange(10.Marshall M.S. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1993; 18: 250-254Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (194) Google Scholar, 11.Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Shirouzu M. Ito Y. Hattori S. Furuyama S. Nishimura S. Yokoyama S. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 4661-4667Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar). In addition, post-translational modifications of Ha-Ras have also been shown to be crucial for its biological function (for a review, see (12.Marshall C.J. Science. 1993; 259: 1865-1866Crossref PubMed Scopus (304) Google Scholar)). However, it is presently unclear how these individual structural features are involved in effector activation. Raf-1, a 74-kDa cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, is one of the major effectors of Ha-Ras (for a review, see (13.Daum G. Eisenmann-Tappe I. Fries H.-W. Troppmair J. Rapp U.R. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1994; 19: 474-480Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (488) Google Scholar)). Raf-1 shares three regions of conservation, termed CR1, 1The abbreviations used are: CRconserved regionRBDRas-binding domainCRRcysteine-rich regionMBPmaltose-binding proteinGTPγSguanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)GSTglutathione S-transferaseMEKmitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/ERK kinaseERKextracellular signal-regulated kinaseKNERKkinase-negative mutant of ERK2. CR2, and CR3, with other Raf isoforms and homologs (Fig. 1B)(13.Daum G. Eisenmann-Tappe I. Fries H.-W. Troppmair J. Rapp U.R. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1994; 19: 474-480Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (488) Google Scholar). CR1 and CR2 are located in the N-terminal half of Raf-1, and CR3 corresponds to the C-terminal kinase domain. Activation of Raf-1 by N-terminal truncations indicates that the N-terminal portion plays an important regulatory role(14.Stanton Jr., V.P. Nichols D.W. Laudano A.P. Cooper G.M. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1989; 9: 639-647Crossref PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar). The minimal region of Raf-1 responsible for the interaction with Ha-Ras has been mapped into 81 amino acids in CR1, RBD (amino acids 51-131)(15.Vojtek A.B. Hollenberg S.M. Cooper J.A. Cell. 1993; 74: 205-214Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1663) Google Scholar), and mutational analyses have suggested that RBD interacts directly with the switch I of Ha-Ras(16.Chuang E. Barnard D. Hettich J. Zhang X.-F. Avruch J. Marshall M.S. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1994; 14: 5318-5325Crossref PubMed Scopus (158) Google Scholar, 17.Fabian J.R. Vojtek A.B. Cooper J.A. Morrison D.K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 5982-5986Crossref PubMed Scopus (157) Google Scholar, 18.Pumiglia K. Chow Y.-H. Fabian J. Morrison D. Decker S Jove R. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 398-406Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar, 19.Barnard D. Diaz B. Hettich L. Chuang E. Zhang X.-F. Avruch J. Marshall M. Oncogene. 1995; 10: 1283-1290PubMed Google Scholar). However, a mutation (C168S) located in another region of CR1, CRR (amino acids 152-184), has been shown to impair physical interaction of Raf-1 with Ha-Ras and to render Raf-1 unresponsive to Ha-Ras(20.Bruder J.T. Heidecker G. Rapp U.R. Genes & Dev. 1992; 6: 545-556Crossref PubMed Scopus (397) Google Scholar, 21.Zhang X.-F. Settleman J. Kyriakis J.M. Takeuchi-Suzuki E. Elledge S.J. Marshall M.S. Bruder J.T. Rapp U.R. Avruch J. Nature. 1993; 364: 308-313Crossref PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar). These observations indicate that not only RBD but also CRR is critical for Ras-dependent activation of Raf-1. However, the exact mechanism of involvement of Raf-1 CRR in Ras-dependent activation remains to be determined. Here we report that CRR interacts with Ha-Ras independently of RBD and that the activator domain of Ha-Ras is critical not only for this interaction but also for the Ha-Ras-dependent activation of Raf-1. These results suggest that CRR participates in Raf-1 activation through interaction with the activator domain of Ha-Ras. Evidence is also presented that post-translational modifications of Ha-Ras C terminus are necessary for this interaction. conserved region Ras-binding domain cysteine-rich region maltose-binding protein guanosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) glutathione S-transferase mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/ERK kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase-negative mutant of ERK2. For Raf-1 deletion mutants (Fig. 1B), various subfragments of the human c-raf-1 cDNA (22.Bonner T.I. Kerby S.B. Sutrave P. Gunnell M.A. Mark G. Rapp U.R. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1985; 5: 1400-1407Crossref PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar) were amplified by polymerase chain reactions (23.Saiki R.K. Scharf S. Faloona F. Mullis K.B. Horn G.T. Erlich H.A. Arnheim N. Science. 1985; 230: 1350-1354Crossref PubMed Scopus (6818) Google Scholar) using suitable primers and designated Raf-1(x-y), in which x-y represents the range of encoded polypeptides in amino acid positions. They were cloned into pMal vectors for expression as fusions with MBP in Escherichia coli(24.Minato T. Wang J. Akasaka K. Okada T. Suzuki N Kataoka T J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 20845-20851Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). R89L and C168S substitution mutations were introduced into Raf-1(50-131) and Raf-1(132-206), respectively, by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis (25.Kramer W. Fritz H.-J. Methods Enzymol. 1987; 154: 350-367Crossref PubMed Scopus (83) Google Scholar) using mutagenic oligonucleotides 5′-GTTGCAGGCCCAGCACCTTGAGTG-3′ and 5′-TTGTAGCCAGAAGTCTGAC-3′. The resulting DNA fragments Raf-1(50-131, R89L) and Raf-1(132-206, C168S) were cloned into pMal for expression as MBP fusions in E. coli. The recombinant baculovirus expressing wild-type human Ha-Ras protein was described previously(24.Minato T. Wang J. Akasaka K. Okada T. Suzuki N Kataoka T J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 20845-20851Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Amino acid substitution mutations were introduced into the synthetic human Ha-ras cDNA encoding the Ha-Ras protein bearing the oncogenic valine for glycine substitution mutation at position 12 (Ha-RasV12) as described previously(6.Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Shirouzu M. Koide H. Nishimura S. Yokoyama S. FEBS Lett. 1991; 294: 187-190Crossref PubMed Scopus (11) Google Scholar, 9.Shirouzu M. Koide H. Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Oshio H. Toyama Y. Yamasaki K. Fuhrman S.A. Villafranca E. Kaziro Y. Yokoyama S. Oncogene. 1994; 9: 2153-2157PubMed Google Scholar, 11.Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Shirouzu M. Ito Y. Hattori S. Furuyama S. Nishimura S. Yokoyama S. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 4661-4667Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar). The mutant genes were amplified by polymerase chain reactions (23.Saiki R.K. Scharf S. Faloona F. Mullis K.B. Horn G.T. Erlich H.A. Arnheim N. Science. 1985; 230: 1350-1354Crossref PubMed Scopus (6818) Google Scholar) with a pair of primers 5′-CGGGATCCGATATGACCGAATACAAACTG-3′ and 5′-AACTGCAGCTATCAAGACA-GAACGCATTTG-3′, and, after cleavage with BamHI and PstI in the primer sequences, cloned into matching cleavage sites of the baculovirus transfer vector pBlueBac III (Invitrogen Inc., California). Accuracy of the Ha-ras amplification was confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. The post-translationally modified form of wild-type or mutant Ha-Ras proteins and unmodified form of wild-type Ha-Ras protein were purified from membrane and cytosolic fractions, respectively, of Sf9 cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses expressing the respective proteins as described(24.Minato T. Wang J. Akasaka K. Okada T. Suzuki N Kataoka T J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 20845-20851Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 26.Horiuchi H. Kaibuchi K. Kawamura M. Matsuura Y. Suzuki N. Kuroda Y. Kataoka T. Takai Y. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12: 4515-4520Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar). The unmodified Ha-Ras is neither farnesylated nor further processed as shown previously(26.Horiuchi H. Kaibuchi K. Kawamura M. Matsuura Y. Suzuki N. Kuroda Y. Kataoka T. Takai Y. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12: 4515-4520Crossref PubMed Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 27.Mizuno T. Kaibuchi K. Yamamoto T. Kawamura M. Sakoda T. Fujioka H. Matsuura Y. Takai Y. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1991; 88: 6442-6446Crossref PubMed Scopus (169) Google Scholar). Ha-Ras protein was quantitated by GTPγS binding. MBP-Raf-1 fusion proteins in cell lysates were immobilized on amylose resin by incubation at 4°C for 2 h, followed by extensive washing with buffer A (20 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.4, 40 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 5 mM MgCl2, and 0.1% Lubrol PX). Binding reactions were carried out by incubating GTPγS- or GDP-bound Ha-Ras protein with 20 μl of the resin carrying immobilized MBP-Raf-1 proteins in a total volume of 100 μl of buffer A. After incubation at room temperature for 30 min and at 4°C for 2 h with continuous agitation, the resin was washed with 400 μl of buffer A. The bound proteins were subsequently eluted from the resin with 200 μl of buffer A containing 10 mM maltose and subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by Western immunoblot detection with an anti-Ras monoclonal antibody Y13-259 (Oncogene Science Inc., New York). The assays were carried out similarly as described(28.Kikuchi A. Williams L.T. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 20054-20059Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). E. coli expressing GST fusion protein of MEK1 (GST-MEK) or that of KNERK (GST-KNERK), and a recombinant baculovirus expressing the full-length human Raf-1 were obtained from Dr. A. Kikuchi (Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Hiroshima, Japan). Monolayers of Sf9 cells (2 × 107 cells) were coinfected with the recombinant baculovirus expressing the full-length Raf-1 and that expressing either Ha-RasV12V12 or one of its mutants (1 × 108 plaque-forming units each). After 72 h post-infection, the cells were lysed by sonication in 1 ml of buffer B (20 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.5, 137 mM NaCl, 1% Nonidet P-40, 10% glycerol, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 20 μg/ml aprotinin, and 1 mM sodium vanadate) and centrifuged at 13,000 × g for 30 min. Raf-1 was immunoprecipitated from the supernatant (200 μl) with the anti-Raf-1 antibody C12 (2 μl) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.) and protein A-agarose. The Raf-1 kinase activity was determined by incubating the immunoprecipitates in the absence or presence of GST-MEK (13 μg) and GST-KNERK (1 μg) in 30 μl of kinase reaction mixture (20 mM Tris/HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM MnCl2, 10 mM MgCl2, 20 mM β-glycerophosphate, and 50 μM [γ-32P]ATP (4000 cpm/pmol)) for 30 min at 25°C. After the incubation, proteins in the reaction mixture were fractionated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and subjected to autoradiography to detect phosphoproteins. First, we attempted to elucidate the role of CRR in the Ras-Raf interaction. We reasoned that if CRR is really important for the physical interaction between Ha-Ras and Raf-1, deletion of CRR should result in reduced Ras-Raf binding. To confirm this, we constructed serial C-terminal deletion mutants of Raf-1 CR1 (Fig. 1B), expressed them in E. coli as fusions with MBP, and performed an in vitro Ha-Ras-binding assay. Consistent with the idea, the amount of Ha-Ras bound to the immobilized MBP-Raf-1 mutants was considerably decreased with the deletion of CRR (Fig. 2A). Contribution of CRR to efficient Ras-Raf binding could be accounted for by either one of the two mechanisms: conformational stabilization of RBD by CRR or a physical interaction between CRR and Ha-Ras. Therefore, we examined the potential of CRR to interact with Ha-Ras independently of RBD. For this purpose, we prepared MBP-Raf-1(132-206), which included 20 amino acids each upstream and downstream of CRR for preservation of the functional CRR conformation, and MBP-Raf-1(50-131), which contained one extra amino acid at the N terminus of RBD. As shown in Fig. 2B, immobilized MBP-Raf-1(132-206) bound Ha-Ras•GTP, although the binding was weaker compared with MBP-Raf-1(50-131). However, with increasing concentration of Ha-Ras, the amount of Ha-Ras bound to MBP-Raf-1(132-206) increased and finally reached to a level comparable to that bound to MBP-Raf-1(50-131). This suggested that the observed weaker binding was ascribable to the lower affinity of CRR for Ha-Ras than that of RBD. Unexpectedly, MBP-Raf-1(132-206) also bound Ha-Ras•GDP almost equally. Parallel bindings of Ha-Ras•GTP and Ha-Ras•GDP were consistently observed with various amounts of Ha-Ras (Fig. 2B) or MBP-Raf-1(132-206) (data not shown). These results indicated that CRR could act as another Ras-binding domain in a GTP-independent manner. To test the specificity of the interactions of RBD and CRR with Ha-Ras, we introduced mutations R89L and C168S into RBD and CRR, respectively, since these mutations have been shown to cause impaired interaction of Raf-1 with Ha-Ras both in vitro and in vivo(17.Fabian J.R. Vojtek A.B. Cooper J.A. Morrison D.K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 5982-5986Crossref PubMed Scopus (157) Google Scholar, 20.Bruder J.T. Heidecker G. Rapp U.R. Genes & Dev. 1992; 6: 545-556Crossref PubMed Scopus (397) Google Scholar, 21.Zhang X.-F. Settleman J. Kyriakis J.M. Takeuchi-Suzuki E. Elledge S.J. Marshall M.S. Bruder J.T. Rapp U.R. Avruch J. Nature. 1993; 364: 308-313Crossref PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar). We expressed these mutant proteins as fusions with MBP, and performed the in vitro binding assay (Fig. 2C). As expected, both MBP-Raf-1(50-131, R89L) and MBP-Raf-1(132-206, C168S) exhibited greatly reduced abilities to bind Ha-Ras. Based on these observations, we concluded that Raf-1 CR1 contains two distinct Ras-binding domains, RBD and CRR, and that both are required for efficient interaction with Ha-Ras. Next, we looked for the region in Ha-Ras that may interact with CRR. Based on the observation that CRR binds to Ha-Ras in a GTP-independent manner, we speculated that the activator domain of Ha-Ras might be a good candidate since this is the domain whose conformation is not altered upon GDP/GTP exchange but is implicated in effector activation(10.Marshall M.S. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1993; 18: 250-254Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (194) Google Scholar, 11.Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Shirouzu M. Ito Y. Hattori S. Furuyama S. Nishimura S. Yokoyama S. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 4661-4667Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar). Thus, we first tested the interaction of two activator domain mutants of Ha-Ras with both RBD and CRR. As expected, Ha-Ras mutants N26G and V45E did not bind to MBP-Raf-1(132-206) at all, whereas their binding to MBP-Raf-1(50-131) was unaffected (Fig. 2D). To examine contribution of the switch I/effector domain to interaction of CRR with Ha-Ras, we tested the effect of mutations in this region. The switch I/effector domain mutants P34G and T35S retained normal binding to MBP-Raf-1(132-206), whereas, as expected, they showed severely impaired binding to MBP-Raf-1(50-131) (data not shown). Another switch I/effector domain mutant D38N, which had been used frequently as a negative control for Raf-1 binding(9.Shirouzu M. Koide H. Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Oshio H. Toyama Y. Yamasaki K. Fuhrman S.A. Villafranca E. Kaziro Y. Yokoyama S. Oncogene. 1994; 9: 2153-2157PubMed Google Scholar, 21.Zhang X.-F. Settleman J. Kyriakis J.M. Takeuchi-Suzuki E. Elledge S.J. Marshall M.S. Bruder J.T. Rapp U.R. Avruch J. Nature. 1993; 364: 308-313Crossref PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar), also retained the ability to bind to MBP-Raf-1(132-206) but did not bind to MBP-Raf-1(50-131) at all (Fig. 2D). We also tested interaction of the mutant A59E with RBD and CRR, since a mutation at the same position had been shown to impair interaction with Raf-1(9.Shirouzu M. Koide H. Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Oshio H. Toyama Y. Yamasaki K. Fuhrman S.A. Villafranca E. Kaziro Y. Yokoyama S. Oncogene. 1994; 9: 2153-2157PubMed Google Scholar). The mutant A59E completely lost the binding ability to MBP-Raf-1(50-131) but retained normal binding to MBP-Raf-1(132-206) (Fig. 2D). These results strongly support the hypothesis that CRR interacts with the activator domain of Ha-Ras and agree well with previous reports that RBD interacts with the switch I(16.Chuang E. Barnard D. Hettich J. Zhang X.-F. Avruch J. Marshall M.S. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1994; 14: 5318-5325Crossref PubMed Scopus (158) Google Scholar, 17.Fabian J.R. Vojtek A.B. Cooper J.A. Morrison D.K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 5982-5986Crossref PubMed Scopus (157) Google Scholar, 18.Pumiglia K. Chow Y.-H. Fabian J. Morrison D. Decker S Jove R. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 398-406Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar, 19.Barnard D. Diaz B. Hettich L. Chuang E. Zhang X.-F. Avruch J. Marshall M. Oncogene. 1995; 10: 1283-1290PubMed Google Scholar). The mechanism by which A59E mutation affects interaction of Ha-Ras with RBD is currently unknown. To examine roles of RBD and CRR in Ras-dependent activation of Raf-1, we tested the abilities of mutants V45E and A59E to activate Raf-1 since these mutants retained normal binding to either RBD or CRR but completely lost the binding to the other. D38N mutant was included as a negative control. We expressed full-length Raf-1, either alone or in combination with Ha-RasV12 (wild-type) or one of its mutants in Sf9 cells by coinfection with the respective recombinant baculoviruses (Fig. 3, A and B). Raf-1 proteins in cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-Raf-1 antibody and used in in vitro immune complex kinase reactions with or without added GST-MEK and GST-KNERK. All three Ha-Ras mutants exhibited severely impaired ability to induce autophosphorylation of Raf-1 (Fig. 3C) and phosphorylation of KNERK (Fig. 3D) compared with wild-type. These results strongly suggested that interactions of Ha-Ras with both RBD and CRR are required for Raf-1 activation. This finding prompted us to examine whether Ha-Ras without post-translational modifications also has an impairment in interacting with RBD or CRR since unmodified Ha-Ras lacks the ability to activate Raf-1 when coexpressed in Sf9 cells(28.Kikuchi A. Williams L.T. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 20054-20059Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). As shown in Fig. 2E, unmodified Ha-Ras did not exhibit any binding to CRR in contrast to its normal binding to RBD. This is the first demonstration that post-translational modifications of Ha-Ras are involved in physical association of Ha-Ras with Raf-1. In the present study, we have shown that CRR interacts with Ha-Ras independently of RBD. During the preparation of this manuscript, Brtva et al. also reported that CRR (GST-Raf-1(139-186)) alone can interact with Ha-Ras in a GTP-dependent manner using an ELISA-based assay(29.Brtva T.R. Drugan J.K. Ghosh S. Terrell R.S. Campbell-Burk S. Bell R.M. Der C.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 9809-9812Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (193) Google Scholar). However, this result is contradictory to our finding that CRR binds to Ha-Ras in a GTP-independent manner. Considering the GTP-dependent binding of all other Raf-1 mutants to Ha-Ras (Fig. 2, A and B), it seems that the condition of our assay is appropriate to detect GTP-dependent binding. Furthermore, the observations that CRR did not interact with Ha-Ras mutants N26G and V45E, and that the C168S mutation introduced into CRR could abolish its interaction with wild-type Ha-Ras, strongly support the specificity of the interaction between Ha-Ras and Raf-1 CRR. Finally, our results agree with the fact that the conformation of the activator domain is not affected by GDP/GTP exchange(10.Marshall M.S. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1993; 18: 250-254Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (194) Google Scholar, 11.Fujita-Yoshigaki J. Shirouzu M. Ito Y. Hattori S. Furuyama S. Nishimura S. Yokoyama S. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 4661-4667Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar). Although the reason for the discrepancy regarding GTP dependence is unknown, it must be pointed out that the source of Ha-Ras protein in our assay is different from that in their assay. We used post-translationally modified Ha-Ras protein purified from infected Sf9 cells, while they used bacterially expressed Ha-Ras protein which was not modified. In our hands, unmodified Ha-Ras protein purified from Sf9 cells did not bind CRR at all (Fig. 2E). Post-translational modifications of Ha-Ras at its C terminus have been shown to be necessary for its membrane-anchoring as well as for Raf-1 activation(12.Marshall C.J. Science. 1993; 259: 1865-1866Crossref PubMed Scopus (304) Google Scholar, 28.Kikuchi A. Williams L.T. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 20054-20059Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Modifications of Ha-Ras may have an indirect role in Raf-1 activation; modified and membrane-anchored Ha-Ras may simply recruit Raf-1 to the plasma membrane, where it is subsequently activated by an unknown membrane-bound factor(s)(30.Leevers S.J. Paterson H.F. Marshall C.J. Nature. 1994; 369: 411-414Crossref PubMed Scopus (886) Google Scholar, 31.Stokoe D. Macdonald S.G. Cadwallader K. Symons M. Hancock J.F. Science. 1994; 264: 1463-1467Crossref PubMed Scopus (847) Google Scholar). However, it is possible that modifications may have a direct role in this process; they may be required for establishing a specific mode of interaction essential for Raf-1 activation. Previous in vivo studies using an Ha-Ras C-terminal mutant deficient in modifications could not examine the two possible roles of modifications in Raf-1 activation separately(28.Kikuchi A. Williams L.T. J. Biol. Chem. 1994; 269: 20054-20059Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar). Furthermore, in vitro binding studies using a Raf-1 fragment containing both RBD and CRR did not reveal any significant defect of unmodified Ha-Ras in interaction with Raf-1(21.Zhang X.-F. Settleman J. Kyriakis J.M. Takeuchi-Suzuki E. Elledge S.J. Marshall M.S. Bruder J.T. Rapp U.R. Avruch J. Nature. 1993; 364: 308-313Crossref PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar). In the present study, by separately examining RBD and CRR, we have shown that unmodified Ha-Ras lacks the ability to interact with CRR. This represents a novel molecular defect of unmodified Ha-Ras, which is unrelated to the membrane-anchoring defect. Recently, we have established an in vitro membrane-free system in which modified Ha-Ras can activate B-Raf but unmodified Ha-Ras cannot. 2T. Okada, T. Masuda, M. Shinkai, K. Kariya, and T. Kataoka, submitted for publication. In another membrane-free system, modifications are also required for yeast Ras2 to activate its effector, yeast adenylyl cyclase(32.Kuroda Y. Suzuki N. Kataoka T. Science. 1993; 259: 683-686Crossref PubMed Scopus (120) Google Scholar). These observations employing the membrane-free systems also indicate that the defect of unmodified Ras proteins in activating the effectors is unrelated to membrane anchoring. Previous reports examined effects of mutations in RBD or CRR to study roles of these domains in Ras-dependent activation(17.Fabian J.R. Vojtek A.B. Cooper J.A. Morrison D.K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 5982-5986Crossref PubMed Scopus (157) Google Scholar, 20.Bruder J.T. Heidecker G. Rapp U.R. Genes & Dev. 1992; 6: 545-556Crossref PubMed Scopus (397) Google Scholar, 21.Zhang X.-F. Settleman J. Kyriakis J.M. Takeuchi-Suzuki E. Elledge S.J. Marshall M.S. Bruder J.T. Rapp U.R. Avruch J. Nature. 1993; 364: 308-313Crossref PubMed Scopus (689) Google Scholar). However, these manipulations may either alter conformation of Raf-1 or modulate its basal activity(17.Fabian J.R. Vojtek A.B. Cooper J.A. Morrison D.K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 5982-5986Crossref PubMed Scopus (157) Google Scholar, 20.Bruder J.T. Heidecker G. Rapp U.R. Genes & Dev. 1992; 6: 545-556Crossref PubMed Scopus (397) Google Scholar). Therefore, use of Ha-Ras mutants that possess the ability to interact differentially with the two Ras-binding domains may provide further insights. In the present study, we actually found these mutants and used them to provide evidence that CRR is involved in Ras-dependent activation of Raf-1. The analysis also showed that residues belonging to the activator domain of Ha-Ras are critical for interaction with CRR, providing a molecular basis for the role of this domain in activation of Raf-1. The binding affinity of CRR for the activator domain is lower than that of RBD for the switch I/effector domain and may not be sufficient for stable association of Raf-1 with GDP-bound Ha-Ras in vivo. However, after establishment of the interaction between RBD and switch I/effector domain of GTP-bound Ha-Ras, the interaction between CRR and the activator domain may take place efficiently and induce further conformational change of Raf-1 to be activated. Post-translational modifications of Ha-Ras C terminus are involved in the latter interaction, although the mechanism of their action remains to be clarified. Further understanding of these interactions will require x-ray crystallographic study of the complex between post-translationally modified Ha-Ras and Raf-1 including both RBD and CRR. We thank A. Kikuchi at Hiroshima University School of Medicine for providing GST-MEK and GST-KNERK, T. Okada for providing unmodified Ha-Ras protein, T. Masuda for advice in measuring Raf-1 kinase activity, and X.-H. Deng for skillful technical assistance. We also thank A. Seki and A. Kawabe for help in preparation of this manuscript." @default.
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• W2056750804 title "Cysteine-rich Region of Raf-1 Interacts with Activator Domain of Post-translationally Modified Ha-Ras" @default.
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