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• W2057102020 abstract "In response to interleukin 12 (IL-12) stimulation, a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor, Stat4 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 4), becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated and translocates into the nucleus where it binds to DNA to activate transcription. Cofactors that can directly bind and regulate Stat4 activity have not been described. We report here that PIASx, a member of the protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) family, is a negative regulator of Stat4. PIASx becomes associated with Stat4 following IL-12 stimulation in vivo. PIASx inhibits IL-12-stimulated and Stat4-dependent gene activation in human T cells. PIASx does not inhibit the DNA binding activity of Stat4. Instead PIASx is present in the Stat4-DNA binding complex. Finally the inhibitory activity of PIASx on Stat4-mediated gene activation is abolished by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. Our results suggest that PIASx may function as a co-repressor of Stat4. In response to interleukin 12 (IL-12) stimulation, a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor, Stat4 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 4), becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated and translocates into the nucleus where it binds to DNA to activate transcription. Cofactors that can directly bind and regulate Stat4 activity have not been described. We report here that PIASx, a member of the protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) family, is a negative regulator of Stat4. PIASx becomes associated with Stat4 following IL-12 stimulation in vivo. PIASx inhibits IL-12-stimulated and Stat4-dependent gene activation in human T cells. PIASx does not inhibit the DNA binding activity of Stat4. Instead PIASx is present in the Stat4-DNA binding complex. Finally the inhibitory activity of PIASx on Stat4-mediated gene activation is abolished by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. Our results suggest that PIASx may function as a co-repressor of Stat4. STATs 1The abbreviations used are: STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; PIAS, protein inhibitor of activated STAT; IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; HDAC, histone deacetylase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay; NK, natural killer; TSA, trichostatin A; E3, SUMO-protein isopeptide ligase; SUMO, small ubiquitin-related modifier.1The abbreviations used are: STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; PIAS, protein inhibitor of activated STAT; IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; HDAC, histone deacetylase; GST, glutathione S-transferase; EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay; NK, natural killer; TSA, trichostatin A; E3, SUMO-protein isopeptide ligase; SUMO, small ubiquitin-related modifier. (signal transducers and activators of transcription) are a family of latent cytoplasmic transcription factors. Upon cytokine stimulation, STATs become tyrosine phosphorylated and translocate into the nucleus where they bind to DNA to activate transcription (1Levy D.E. Darnell Jr., J.E. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002; 3: 651-662Crossref PubMed Scopus (2468) Google Scholar, 2O'Shea J.J. Gadina M. Schreiber R.D. Cell. 2002; 109: S121-S131Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (940) Google Scholar, 3Darnell Jr., J.E. Kerr I.M. Stark G.R. Science. 1994; 264: 1415-1421Crossref PubMed Scopus (4974) Google Scholar). The STAT signaling pathways can be negatively regulated at multiple steps. In the nucleus, two major mechanisms have been described that modulate the activity of STATs. First, STATs can be inactivated in the nucleus by protein tyrosine phosphatases. It has recently been documented that TC45, the nuclear isoform of T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (4Tonks N.K. Neel B.G. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2001; 13: 182-195Crossref PubMed Scopus (462) Google Scholar), is responsible for the dephosphorylation of Stat1 and Stat3 in the nucleus (5ten Hoeve J. de Jesus Ibarra-Sanchez M. Fu Y. Zhu W. Tremblay M. David M. Shuai K. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002; 22: 5662-5668Crossref PubMed Scopus (360) Google Scholar). Second, the PIAS (protein inhibitor of activated STAT) family of proteins has been suggested to regulate the transcriptional activity of STATs in the nucleus. Four members of the PIAS family have been described including PIAS1, PIAS3, PIASy, and PIASx (6Shuai K. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 2638-2644Crossref PubMed Scopus (297) Google Scholar). It has been shown that PIAS1 and PIAS3 interact with Stat1 and Stat3, respectively, in response to cytokine stimulation. PIAS1 and PIAS3 inhibit Stat1- and Stat3-mediated transcription by blocking their DNA binding activity (7Chung C.D. Liao J. Liu B. Rao X. Jay P. Berta P. Shuai K. Science. 1997; 278: 1803-1805Crossref PubMed Scopus (799) Google Scholar, 8Liu B. Liao J. Rao X. Kushner S.A. Chung C.D. Chang D.D. Shuai K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 10626-10631Crossref PubMed Scopus (629) Google Scholar). PIASy can also associate with Stat1, but it inhibits Stat1 transcription without affecting the DNA binding activity of Stat1 (9Liu B. Gross M. ten Hoeve J. Shuai K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001; 98: 3203-3207Crossref PubMed Scopus (159) Google Scholar). The role of PIASx in STAT signaling has not been characterized. IL-12, produced by activated macrophages or dendritic cells, plays an essential role in the development of Th1 cells. Stat4 is activated by IL-12 stimulation (10Zhong Z. Wen Z. Darnell Jr., J.E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 4806-4810Crossref PubMed Scopus (338) Google Scholar, 11Jacobson N.G. Szabo S.J. Weber-Nordt R.M. Zhong Z. Schreiber R.D. Darnell Jr., J.E. Murphy K.M. J. Exp. Med. 1995; 181: 1755-1762Crossref PubMed Scopus (579) Google Scholar). Consistent with the biochemical studies, gene targeting analysis has demonstrated an essential role of Stat4 in Th1 development (12Kaplan M.H. Sun Y.L. Hoey T. Grusby M.J. Nature. 1996; 382: 174-177Crossref PubMed Scopus (1052) Google Scholar, 13Thierfelder W.E. van Deursen J.M. Yamamoto K. Tripp R.A. Sarawar S.R. Carson R.T. Sangster M.Y. Vignali D.A. Doherty P.C. Grosveld G.C. Ihle J.N. Nature. 1996; 382: 171-174Crossref PubMed Scopus (946) Google Scholar). In addition to IL-12, IFN-α/β has also been shown to induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 (14Cho S.S. Bacon C.M. Sudarshan C. Rees R.C. Finbloom D. Pine R. O'Shea J.J. J. Immunol. 1996; 157: 4781-4789PubMed Google Scholar, 15Rogge L. D'Ambrosio D. Biffi M. Penna G. Minetti L.J. Presky D.H. Adorini L. Sinigaglia F. J. Immunol. 1998; 161: 6567-6574PubMed Google Scholar). Most recently, the activation of Stat4 by IFN-α/β has been shown to be critical for IFN-γ production during viral infection (16Nguyen K.B. Watford W.T. Salomon R. Hofmann S.R. Pien G.C. Morinobu A. Gadina M. O'Shea J.J. Biron C.A. Science. 2002; 297: 2063-2066Crossref PubMed Scopus (407) Google Scholar). Despite a clear role of Stat4 in IL-12 and IFN-α/β signaling, cofactors that can directly interact and modulate Stat4 activity have not been described. We report here that PIASx interacts with Stat4 in vivo following IL-12 stimulation of T cells. PIASx forms a complex with activated Stat4 binding to DNA. The IL-12-stimulated Stat4-dependent transcription can be inhibited by PIASx. The inhibitory activity of PIASx on Stat4 is diminished by an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC). Our results suggest that PIASx is a transcriptional co-repressor of Stat4. Plasmids, Antibodies, and Cell Lines—GST-PIASx was constructed as described previously (8Liu B. Liao J. Rao X. Kushner S.A. Chung C.D. Chang D.D. Shuai K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 10626-10631Crossref PubMed Scopus (629) Google Scholar). FLAG-PIASx was constructed by insertion of the human PIASx into the BamHI and SalI sites of pCMV-FLAG vector. Anti-PIASx antibody was raised against a recombinant fusion protein of GST with COOH-terminal residues 476–572 of human PIASxα. Anti-PY20 was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. Anti-Stat4 was a gift from J. Darnell. Kit225/K6 cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 10 units/ml recombinant human IL-2 at 5% CO2. Human Th1 clone 3F6 cells were maintained as described previously (17Farrar J.D. Smith J.D. Murphy T.L. Murphy K.M. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 2693-2697Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar). Immunofluorescence Analysis—The cellular localization of PIASxα and PIASxβ was analyzed by immunofluorescence as described previously (9Liu B. Gross M. ten Hoeve J. Shuai K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001; 98: 3203-3207Crossref PubMed Scopus (159) Google Scholar). Luciferase Assay—Kit225/K6 T cells (8 × 106) were transfected by electroporation at 270 V, 975 microfarads using a Bio-Rad electroporator. Cells were electroporated with endotoxin-free preparations of 2 μg of pCMV, 5 μg of 4xIRF1 (18Zhong Z. Wen Z. Darnell Jr., J.E. Science. 1994; 264: 95-98Crossref PubMed Scopus (1700) Google Scholar), 10 μg of pCMV-Stat4 (10Zhong Z. Wen Z. Darnell Jr., J.E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1994; 91: 4806-4810Crossref PubMed Scopus (338) Google Scholar), and various amounts of FLAG-PIASxα or FLAG-PIAS3 plasmids (7Chung C.D. Liao J. Liu B. Rao X. Jay P. Berta P. Shuai K. Science. 1997; 278: 1803-1805Crossref PubMed Scopus (799) Google Scholar). Cells were incubated with or without IL-12 (60 ng/ml, R&D Systems) for 16 h and analyzed for luciferase activity as described previously (14Cho S.S. Bacon C.M. Sudarshan C. Rees R.C. Finbloom D. Pine R. O'Shea J.J. J. Immunol. 1996; 157: 4781-4789PubMed Google Scholar). The relative luciferase units were corrected for the expression of β-galactosidase. Oligonucleotide Pull-down Assay—The oligonucleotide pull-down assay was essentially performed as described previously (19Shuai K. Schindler C. Prezioso V.R. Darnell Jr., J.E. Science. 1992; 258: 1808-1812Crossref PubMed Scopus (654) Google Scholar). In brief, nuclear extracts were incubated with the biotin-tagged STAT-binding oligonucleotide from the IRF1 promoter (IRF1 oligo) for 2 h at 4 °C. The complex bound to the IRF1 oligo was pulled down using streptavidinagarose beads. The beads were then washed four times, and bound proteins were eluted by heating at 95 °C for 5 min in 2× SDS sample buffer and subsequently examined by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA)—EMSA was essentially performed as described previously (9Liu B. Gross M. ten Hoeve J. Shuai K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001; 98: 3203-3207Crossref PubMed Scopus (159) Google Scholar). Co-immunoprecipitation Analysis—Co-immunoprecipitation analysis was performed as described previously (7Chung C.D. Liao J. Liu B. Rao X. Jay P. Berta P. Shuai K. Science. 1997; 278: 1803-1805Crossref PubMed Scopus (799) Google Scholar). In brief, whole cell extracts were prepared under mild lysis conditions (1% Brij, 50 mm Tris (pH 8), 150 mm NaCl, 1 mm dithiothreitol, 0.5 mm phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 0.5 μg/ml leupeptin, 3 μg/ml aprotinin, 1 μg/ml pepstatin, and 0.1 mm sodium vanadate). The lysate was used for immunoprecipitation with anti-PIASx at a 1:50 dilution. The immunoprecipitates were resolved by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot analysis. PIASx Associates with Stat4 in Vivo following IL-12 or IFN-α Stimulation—Two isoforms of PIASx have been described: PIASxα and PIASxβ (8Liu B. Liao J. Rao X. Kushner S.A. Chung C.D. Chang D.D. Shuai K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 10626-10631Crossref PubMed Scopus (629) Google Scholar). These two isoforms are identical, except for their COOH-terminal regions, and are probably the products of differentially spliced messages from the same gene. To characterize the role of PIASx in STAT signaling, an antiserum (anti-PIASx) raised against amino acids 476–572 of PIASxα was obtained. Western blot analysis of protein extracts prepared from 293T cells transfected with FLAG-PIASxα or FLAG-PIASxβ indicates that this antibody can recognize both isoforms of PIASx (Fig. 1A, lanes 2 and 3). In 293T and human NK cells, PIASxα is the predominant isoform (Fig. 1A, lane 1 and 4). To examine the cellular localization of PIASx, human 2fTGH fibroblasts were transfected with expression vectors encoding FLAG-PIASxα and FLAG-PIASxβ followed by immunofluorescence analysis. Both isoforms of PIASx are localized in the nucleus as distinct nuclear bodies (Fig. 1B). Interestingly the pattern of nuclear body formation of these two isoforms appears to be different. While PIASxα exists as small distinct nuclear dots, PIASxβ is expressed as larger but fewer nuclear bodies. To examine whether PIASx interacts with a STAT protein in vivo, we performed a co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Protein extracts from human NK cells unstimulated or stimulated with IFN-α were analyzed by Western blot using antibodies that can specifically recognize tyrosine-phosphorylated Stat1 and Stat3 proteins. It has been shown previously that IFN-α can also induce the tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4, and the activation of Stat4 by IFN-α plays an important role in the induction of IFN-γ during viral infection (14Cho S.S. Bacon C.M. Sudarshan C. Rees R.C. Finbloom D. Pine R. O'Shea J.J. J. Immunol. 1996; 157: 4781-4789PubMed Google Scholar, 16Nguyen K.B. Watford W.T. Salomon R. Hofmann S.R. Pien G.C. Morinobu A. Gadina M. O'Shea J.J. Biron C.A. Science. 2002; 297: 2063-2066Crossref PubMed Scopus (407) Google Scholar). To examine the tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4, the same protein extracts were immunoprecipitated by anti-Stat4 antibody followed by Western blot with anti-phosphotyrosine antibody PY20. As shown, IFN-α induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat1, Stat3, and Stat4 in NK cells (Fig. 1C, left panels). These protein extracts were subsequently used for immunoprecipitation with anti-PIASx antibody followed by immunoblot analysis with anti-Stat4 antibody. Stat4 was found to be present in PIASx immunoprecipitates of IFN-α-stimulated NK cells (Fig. 1C, middle panel). Neither Stat1 nor Stat3 was present in the immunoprecipitates as shown by reblotting the same filter with anti-Stat1 and anti-Stat3 antibodies (Fig. 1C, right panel). These results suggest that PIASx is associated with Stat4 but not Stat1 or Stat3. Similar to previously described PIAS-STAT interactions (6Shuai K. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 2638-2644Crossref PubMed Scopus (297) Google Scholar), the PIASx-Stat4 association occurs only in cells stimulated with cytokines. Stat4 plays a critical role in IL-12 signaling pathway. To evaluate whether Stat4 associates with PIASx following IL-12 stimulation, human Kit225 T cells, which express functional IL-12 receptors, were used for analysis. Protein extracts of untreated or IL-12-treated Kit225 T cells were immunoprecipitated with anti-PIASx antibody followed by anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblot analysis. A tyrosine-phosphorylated protein with a molecular mass of about 84 kDa was detected in PIASx immunoprecipitates from IL-12-treated cell extracts. IL-12 is known to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat4 in Kit225 cells. Reblot of the filter with anti-Stat4 confirmed the presence of Stat4 in PIASx immunoprecipitates from cells treated with IL-12 (Fig. 1D). Similar amounts of PIASx were immunoprecipitated from both unstimulated and IL-12-stimulated cells (Fig. 1D, lower panel). The association of PIASx with Stat4 was also observed in human T cell clones (data not shown). We conclude that PIASx associates with Stat4 following IL-12 stimulation. PIASx Inhibits Stat4-mediated Gene Activation in Response to IL-12—We next examined the effect of PIASx on Stat4-mediated gene activation by luciferase reporter assays. Kit225 T cells were transiently transfected with a luciferase reporter construct containing four copies of the STAT binding sequence from the IRF1 gene (4xIRF1) together with Stat4 and increasing amounts of PIASxα. In the absence of PIASxα, IL-12 stimulation induced luciferase activity about 20-fold. Co-transfection of PIASxα at various concentrations efficiently blocked IL-12-stimulated gene activation (Fig. 2A). To examine the specificity of PIASx on IL-12 signaling, similar luciferase assays were performed in the presence of PIASxα or PIAS3 in Kit225 T cells. Consistently PIASx blocked IL-12-induced luciferase activity. In contrast, co-transfection of PIAS3 at various concentrations had no effect on IL-12-induced gene activation (Fig. 2B). To further test the specificity of PIASx in STAT signaling, the effect of PIASx on Stat1-mediated gene activation was examined. 293T cells were transiently transfected with a Stat1 luciferase reporter (3xLy6E) and Stat1 in the presence of various amounts of FLAG-PIAS1, FLAG-PIASy, or FLAG-PIASxα. Consistent with the previous studies, PIAS1 and PIASy, two known inhibitors of Stat1 (8Liu B. Liao J. Rao X. Kushner S.A. Chung C.D. Chang D.D. Shuai K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998; 95: 10626-10631Crossref PubMed Scopus (629) Google Scholar, 9Liu B. Gross M. ten Hoeve J. Shuai K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001; 98: 3203-3207Crossref PubMed Scopus (159) Google Scholar), effectively repressed Stat1-dependent gene activation (Fig. 2C). In contrast, PIASxα had no significant effect on Stat1-mediated gene activation. These results suggest that PIASx is a specific negative regulator of Stat4. PIASx Does Not Inhibit the DNA Binding Activity of Stat4 —To understand the molecular mechanism by which PIASx inhibits Stat4-mediated gene activation, we analyzed the effect of PIASx on the DNA binding activity of Stat4 by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Nuclear extracts were prepared from Kit225 cells untreated or treated with IL-12 and analyzed by EMSA using the STAT-binding site from IRF1 gene as the probe. IL-12 treatment induced the formation of a specific shifted band on EMSA (Fig. 3A). This complex is due to the binding of Stat4 as it was blocked in the presence of anti-Stat4 but not anti-Stat1 or anti-Stat3 antibody. To examine the effect of PIASx on the DNA binding activity of Stat4, IL-12-treated Kit225 nuclear extracts were incubated in the presence of various amounts of GST, GST-PIASxα, or GST-PIASxβ followed by EMSA. The ability of Stat4 to bind to DNA was not affected in the presence of these fusion proteins. Thus, PIASx does not inhibit the DNA binding activity of Stat4. PIASx Forms a DNA Binding Complex with Stat4 —Certain protein complexes are unstable under EMSA conditions. Therefore, we investigated whether PIASx can still interact with Stat4 in the presence of DNA using oligonucleotide pull-down assays. The untreated and IL-12-treated extracts of human 3F6 Th1 clones were mixed with a biotin-tagged STAT-binding oligonucleotide. Proteins bound to DNA were pulled down with streptavidin-agarose beads followed by immunoblot analysis with anti-Stat4 or anti-PIASx antibody. As expected, Stat4 was found to bind to DNA in IL-12-stimulated extracts. Interestingly PIASx was also detected in the IL-12-treated sample. In contrast, neither Stat4 nor PIASx was pulled down in untreated extracts. As a control, no binding was detected in the absence of DNA (Fig. 3B). Similar results were obtained using Kit225 T cell extracts (data not shown). These results indicate that the formation of the PIASx-Stat4 complex does not interfere with the DNA binding activity of Stat4. The Involvement of HDAC Activity in PIASx-mediated Inhibitory Effect on Stat4 —Our data presented above indicate that PIASx can inhibit the transcriptional activity of Stat4 without affecting the DNA binding activity of Stat4, suggesting that PIASx may function as a co-repressor of Stat4. Modification of chromatin structure by histone acetylases and deacetylases is an important mechanism in modulation of eukaryotic gene transcription. To examine whether HDAC activity is involved in PIASx-mediated transcriptional repression, trichostatin A (TSA), an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, was used in the reporter assays. Kit225 T cells were transfected with 4xIRF1-luciferase reporter and Stat4 expression construct together with or without PIASx. Following transfection, cells were either left untreated or pretreated with TSA (0.3 nm) prior to the addition of IL-12. As expected, co-expression of PIASx resulted in an inhibition of IL-12-stimulated luciferase activity (Fig. 4). Interestingly the inhibitory activity of PIASx on Stat4-mediated gene activation was abolished in the presence of 0.3 nm TSA (Fig. 4). These results suggest the possible involvement of HDAC activity in PIASx-mediated inhibition on Stat4 transcription. In this report, we provide evidence that PIASx is a transcriptional co-repressor of Stat4. By in vivo co-immunoprecipitation analysis, PIASx was found to be associated with Stat4 upon IL-12 stimulation. Oligonucleotide pull-down analysis indicated that PIASx is present in the Stat4-DNA binding complex. Consistently PIASx does not interfere with the DNA binding activity of Stat4. Using reporter assays, we showed that PIASx inhibited Stat4-mediated gene activation and that such an inhibitory activity of PIASx can be overcome by suppressing HDAC activity. Both PIASxα and PIASxβ can inhibit Stat4-mediated gene activation. The mode of action of PIASx is similar to that of PIASy in which both proteins repress the transcriptional activity of STAT without affecting its DNA binding activity (9Liu B. Gross M. ten Hoeve J. Shuai K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001; 98: 3203-3207Crossref PubMed Scopus (159) Google Scholar). With the completion of this work, each member of the PIAS family has now been found to regulate STAT transcription. In Drosophila, a PIAS homologue named dPIAS/Zimp has been identified. Genetic studies suggest that dPIAS negatively regulates the activity of dStat (20Betz A. Lampen N. Martinek S. Young M.W. Darnell Jr., J.E. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001; 98: 9563-9568Crossref PubMed Scopus (101) Google Scholar). In addition to modulating dSTAT activity, dPIAS has also been shown to regulate chromosome stability (21Hari K.L. Cook K.R. Karpen G.H. Genes Dev. 2001; 15: 1334-1348Crossref PubMed Scopus (150) Google Scholar). In yeast, two PIAS-related proteins named SIZ1 and SIZ2 have also been described (22Johnson E.S. Gupta A.A. Cell. 2001; 106: 735-744Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (527) Google Scholar). Interestingly SIZ1 and SIZ2 have been shown to possess SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) E3 ligase activity. Subsequently members of the PIAS family have been demonstrated to participate in the SUMO modification of a number of transcription factors including p53, androgen receptor, and Lef-1 (23Kahyo T. Nishida T. Yasuda H. Mol. Cell. 2001; 8: 713-718Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (389) Google Scholar, 24Megidish T. Xu J.H. Xu C.W. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 11: 11Google Scholar, 25Schmidt D. Muller S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002; 26: 26Google Scholar, 26Nishida T. Yasuda H. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 41311-41317Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar, 27Kotaja N. Karvonen U. Janne O.A. Palvimo J.J. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002; 22: 5222-5234Crossref PubMed Scopus (355) Google Scholar, 28Takahashi Y. Kahyo T. Toh E.A. Yasuda H. Kikuchi Y. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 48973-48977Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (154) Google Scholar, 29Sachdev S. Bruhn L. Sieber H. Pichler A. Melchior F. Grosschedl R. Genes Dev. 2001; 15: 3088-3103Crossref PubMed Scopus (463) Google Scholar). These findings raise an interesting possibility that the SUMO ligase activity of a PIAS protein may be involved in its ability to regulate transcription. However, we have been unable to find any evidence to support that PIASx can promote the SUMO modification of Stat4. Instead our data presented in this report suggest the possible involvement of HDAC activity in the transcriptional repression of Stat4 by PIASx. Interestingly it has been suggested recently that PIASxβ is associated with HDAC3 (30Tussie-Luna M.I. Bayarsaihan D. Seto E. Ruddle F.H. Roy A.L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002; 99: 12807-12812Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar). Thus, it is possible that PIASx is a component of a large transcriptional co-repressor complex, the identity of which remains to be uncovered. PIASx has been suggested to participate in the regulation of several other transcription factors. ARIP3 (androgen receptor interaction protein 3), a rat homologue of PIASxα, has been shown to regulate the activity of androgen receptor (26Nishida T. Yasuda H. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 41311-41317Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar, 31Moilanen A.M. Karvonen U. Poukka H. Yan W. Toppari J. Jeanne O.A. Palvimo J.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 3700-3704Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar, 32Takahashi K. Taira T. Niki T. Seino C. Iguchi-Ariga S.M. Ariga H. J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276: 37556-37563Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (287) Google Scholar). Miz1 (Msx-interacting zinc finger), which corresponds to the COOH-terminal portion of PIASxβ (amino acids 134–621), was suggested to modulate the transcriptional activity of a homeobox DNA-binding protein, Msx2 (33Wu L. Wu H. Sangiorgi F. Wu N. Bell J.R. Lyons G.E. Maxson R. Mech. Dev. 1997; 65: 3-17Crossref PubMed Scopus (89) Google Scholar). Thus, like many known transcriptional co-regulators, PIASx may participate in the regulation of various transcriptional responses. We thank X. Rao for technical assistance." @default.
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• W2057102020 title "PIASx Is a Transcriptional Co-repressor of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 4" @default.
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