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- W2057491036 abstract "This editorial links to: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.1997.d01-5.x It is the saying of Socrates, ‘I know that I know nothing’, that comes to mind when reading through our review article from 1997.1 We realize how limited our knowledge on the biology and pathology of the epidermis was at the time and how much it has evolved since then. In our review, we had focused on the epidermis as a structural membrane protecting inner homeostasis. We also knew and had emphasized how the keratinocyte that forms this structure undergoes a highly orchestrated process of proliferation and differentiation through differential expression of structural proteins, surface molecules and enzymes. In recent years, it has become evident that the epidermis is a complex multicellular organ, in which a sophisticated crosstalk between its cells, the environment and the body's metabolism takes place to ensure its many essential functions. While the air–liquid and the liquid–liquid barriers of the epidermis (Figure 1) form potent measures for separating the inside from the outside milieu, epidermal keratinocytes also have an immunostimulatory role to build up the defence system in co-operation with epidermal immune cells.2, 3 The epidermis is, however, not just a protective measure against harmful external influences and maintenance of the inner homeostasis but is also a true sensory organ of great importance for perception and transmission of environmental and internal signals including touch or electromagnetic stimulation. Since the mid-1990s, the collaborative work of cell biologists, dermatopathologists, geneticists and clinicians studying epidermal diseases at the University of Bern has contributed to expand the view of the epidermis in the dog (DermFocus; http://www.vetsuisse.unibe.ch/itpa/content/research/dermfocus/index_eng.html). New control mechanisms for the proliferation and differentiation process have emerged, including epigenetic regulation.5-7 Molecular alterations affecting barrier functions have been identified in dogs with atopic dermatitis,8, 9 including IgE levels and genetic signals associated with an antigen-specific IgE response in retriever breeds.10, 11 It has also become clear that the keratinocyte expresses a multitude of surface adhesion molecules that fulfil receptor functions transmitting signals into the cells and also going out, which is of relevance in the autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris in dogs and humans.12-16 Last but not least, the amazing capacity of the epidermis, but also of the hair follicle, to self-renew in a cyclical manner throughout the lifetime has revealed the presence of tissue stem cells.17 The study of the Bernese DermFocus collaborators in the dog, together with the recently defined cyclical hair follicle morphology,18 will have clinical implications for hair follicle disorders such as canine noninflammatory alopecia or ectodermal dysplasia.19-21 The capacity of epidermal keratinocytes for self-renewal has also provided the basis for establishing long-term keratinocyte cultures from mice and dogs, which initially contributed to the modelling and study of the proliferation and differentiation process in vitro,7, 22, 23 and will also provide a source of multipotent stem cells for future developments in regenerative medicine. The recently demonstrated self-organizing principle of tissue, which has been revealed through a specialized culture of embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells,24 now provides the starting point for the next generation of regenerative medicine, which is expected to involve all organs and their tissue-resident stem cells, in particular the easily accessible skin and its appendages. Taken together, over the last two decades fantastic progress has been made in the understanding of keratinocyte biology and pathology, further revealing the great complexity and active role of the skin in balanced homeostasis. This makes us realize that we have truly analysed only the tip of the iceberg and that we still ‘know that we know nothing’. With the current understanding and today's available technologies, we are therefore looking forward to new exciting developments to be read in this journal for another 25 years." @default.
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- W2057491036 date "2014-08-01" @default.
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- W2057491036 title "Keratinocyte biology and pathology" @default.
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- W2057491036 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12158" @default.
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