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- W2057908424 abstract "The relationship between smoking and blood pressure (BP) has been controversial. Some epidemiological studies have found that smokers have lower clinic and ambulatory BP than non-smokers, while others have found a significant increase in daytime BP in smokers [J Hypertens. 1995;13:1209–1215]. The objective of this trial was to investigate the relationship between smoking habits and ambulatory BP in a large population of untreated hypertensive patients. We studied 1250 untreated patients with grade 1–2 essential hypertension (531 men and 719 women), 48.5±13.7 years of age. Among those, 720 patients were non-smokers, 212 were currently smokers, and 318 were ex-smokers for at least one year. BP was measured at 20-min intervals from 07:00 to 23:00 hours and at 30-min intervals at night for 48 consecutive hours. Physical activity was simultaneously monitored every minute by wrist actigraphy to accurately calculate the diurnal and nocturnal means of BP on a per subject basis. Smokers were characterized by a significant increase in diurnal mean and a significant decrease in nocturnal mean of systolic BP (P=0.027). The 24-hour mean of systolic BP was thus similar between groups (130.3 mm Hg in non-smokers, 131.0 mm Hg in smokers, P=0.466). Diastolic BP and heart rate were significantly increased throughout the 24h in smokers (P<0.001). The double (pressure-rate) product was also significantly elevated in smokers (P<0.001). Ex-smokers presented BP values slightly higher than non-smokers and significantly lower than smokers. Smoking was significantly associated with a marked increase in the day/night BP ratio (nocturnal decline of BP relative to the diurnal mean). The prevalence of extreme-dippers (>20% decline in nocturnal BP) increased from 4% in non-smokers to 10% in smokers (P<0.001). Cigarette smoking significantly increases the diurnal mean of systolic and diastolic BP, and the 24-hour mean of heart rate and the double-product, a marker of myocardial ischemia. Moreover, the day/night BP ratio is also significantly increased by smoking towards an extreme-dipper pattern, characterized by an increased risk of stroke. Smoking cessation progressively restores BP values to those found in non-smoker hypertensive patients." @default.
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- W2057908424 date "2005-05-01" @default.
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- W2057908424 title "Influence of cigarette smoking on ambulatory blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension" @default.
- W2057908424 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.03.087" @default.
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