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• W205827618 abstract "A notable change in the U.S. labor force is the increased number of part-time, temporary, or contingent workers and those who hold multiple jobs (Belous, 1989; Feldman, 1990; duRivage, 1991; Callaghan and Hartmann, 1991; Tilly, 1991; Nardone, 1995, 1986; Danner, 1996; Lester, 1996; Segal, 1996; Brotherton, 1997). Between the mid-1950s and the mid-1980s, the estimated proportion of part-time workers to the total workforce has doubled, stabilizing over the past decade at approximately 17.5% of U.S. workers (Kahne, 1985; Segal, 1996). Currently, about 23 million U.S. workers are employed part-time (Brotherton, 1997). Some have predicted that part-timers and contingent workers (workers who contract their services to different organizations on an as- needed basis) will outnumber permanent full-time workers by the end of the 1990s (duRivage, 1991). A growing number of part-time workers hold managerial or professional positions. The number of part-time professionals has grown by 50% between 1989 and 1997 to approximately 4.5 million workers, an average annual increase of 5.2% (Brotherton, 1997). Although many workers prefer part-time jobs for a variety of reasons, a growing number of those working part-time do so despite their preference for full-time employment (duRivage, 1991, 1992). In this article we will briefly examine the phenomenon of part-time U.S. workers and discuss advantages and disadvantages for individuals and for organizations. Then we will present an analysis of the characteristics of leavers versus stayers among part-time hospital workers. Finally, we will discuss managerial and research implications of turnover among part-time employees. Theory of Part-Time Work Theory development in part-time work issues is scarce. Existing work theories--such as job satisfaction, job involvement, and work centrality--may be extended to incorporate both full-time and part-time workers. For example, Fenton-O'Creevy (1995) found higher job satisfaction among part-time employees compared to their full-time counterparts, moderated by career ambition. Tilly (1996) found turnover among part-time workers to be a function of job content, dichotomizing part-time jobs as good (i.e., well paid, skill diverse with opportunities for development) or bad (low skill, training, and responsibility, entry-level, low pay). Most of the theory development and theory-based empirical research of part-time work is attributed to Daniel Feldman. He proposed a model for examining relationships among part-time work and employee attitudes and behaviors (Feldman, 1990). Five dimensions of part-time work arrangements (temporary or permanent work, company-hired or agency-hired, year-round or seasonal, main job or second job, and voluntary or involuntary) are suggested that differentially attract people to either full- or part-time work and differentially motivate and satisfy them. Combined with demographic and work-context factors, Feldman proposed a framework to move part-time work research toward theory-based, multivariate models of reciprocal causation. Feldman and Doerpinghaus (1992a, 1992b) and Eberhardt and Moser (1995) tested subsets of Feldman's (1990) 13 hypotheses. Their evidence suggests permanent (compared to temporary) part-time workers have higher levels of job satisfaction and that permanent part-time workers are more likely to construct a package of referent others composed mostly of full-time workers when compared to temporary part-timers. However, Eberhardt and Moser's (1995) evidence did not support the hypothesis that voluntary part-timers would be more satisfied and less likely to quit than involuntary part- timers. Among temporary employees, Feldman et al. (1995) found positive job attitudes to be most closely associated with temporary employment by choice, consistency between prior work and current work, and employee desire to remain in a temporary job. Feldman (1996) has also tied this framework to the study of underemployment. …" @default.
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• W205827618 title "Differences between Stayers and Leavers among Part-Time Workers" @default.
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