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- W2058374710 abstract "ABSTRACT: A digital closed-loop controlled variable optical attenua-tor (VOA) module using an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)chip for optical-power-fluctuation suppression is demonstrated in thispaper. A VOA based on transparent electro-optical ceramic, OptoCe-ramic PLZT, is used to provide high-speed optical power control. Withlogarithm amplifiers and A-D-A feedback circuitry, this VOA modulecould be designed to operate as either an attenuator or a power control-ler. The module can be used to filter out the optical power fluctuation up to300 kHz. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48:1019–1021, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21588 Key words: variable optical attenuator; transparent electro-optic ce-ramics; A-D-A feedback control; FPGA 1. INTRODUCTION Variable optical attenuators (VOAs) have been widely used inoptical fiber communications and measurement systems wherelight power control is required [1, 2]. Nowadays, the developmentof optical communications system has put forward many newchallenges to VOA, such as microsecond response, large dynamicrange, very low wavelength-dependent loss (WDL), low polariza-tion-dependentloss(PDL),lowinsertionloss,andlowtemperaturesensitivity. VOAs are also in demand for optical beam-formers inarray-antennas/radars and for fiber-optic high-speed adaptive con-trols in laser transmitters and optical amplifiers.VOAs can be divided into two types: the mechanical typewhich has moving parts, and the nonmechanical type withoutmoving parts. Mechanical designs offer good optical performance,but with some trade-offs such as slow speed, the noise induced bythe current surges requiring the motor drive to be activated, and thepossibility of mechanical malfunction through wear. To overcomesome of these limitations, nonmechanical VOAs have beenadopted that make use of the magneto-optic, acoustic-optic, orthermo-optic effect, and those that use electro-optic (EO) effect[3]. The EO approach is a convenient way of changing the refrac-tive index in an EO material through application of an electricfield.WithitshighEOeffect,atransparentelectro-opticalceramic,OptoCeramic PLZT (lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate)material enables the design of devices using a nonguided, free-space configuration [4]. Devices made from OptoCeramic mate-rials offer excellent optical specifications and high-speed opera-tion, which are ideal for dynamic photonic-device applications [5,6]. The dynamic range of the VOAs is from 25 to 35 dB. Wave-length-dependent and polarization-dependent losses are 0.25 dB at15-dB attenuation, with insertion loss as low as 0.4 dB. Thefundamental response time of these VOAs is well under 1 s; suchhigh speed permits the implementation of a real-time closed-loopcontrol system, which brings the clear benefits of a precise atten-uation setting based on real-time light intensities and very smalltemperature dependence.In order to fully realize the benefits, digital control circuitrywith an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) chip is used toprovide module-design flexibility and to implement various con-trol algorithms. In this paper, a digital closed-loop controlled VOAmodule consisting of an EO ceramic VOA, logarithm amplifiers,an A-D-A feedback circuitry, and an FPGA chip is constructed.The operation of optical power control is demonstrated with theability to filter out an optical power fluctuation up to 300 kHz. Theattenuation operation is also demonstrated. The VOA module hasa 25-dB dynamic range with a continual adjustable output." @default.
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- W2058374710 date "2006-01-01" @default.
- W2058374710 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W2058374710 title "Digitally controlled programmable high-speed variable optical attenuator" @default.
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- W2058374710 doi "https://doi.org/10.1002/mop.21588" @default.
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